Risks Of Investing In All Types Of Bonds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4129 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? When interest rates rise, bond prices fall; conversely, rates decline, bond prices rise. The longer the time to a bonds maturity, the greater its interest rate risks. This risk can be reduced by diversifying the durations of the fixed-income investments that are held at a given time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risks Of Investing In All Types Of Bonds Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Interest rate risk affects the value of  bonds  more directly than stocks, and it is a major risk to all bondholders.  As interest rates rise, bond prices fall.  The rationale is that as interest rates increase, the opportunity cost of holding a bond decreases since investors are able to realize greater yields  by switching to other investments that reflect the  higher interest rate. Example For example,  a 5% bond is worth more if interest rates decrease since the bondholder  receives a fixed rate of return relative to the market, which is offering a lower rate of return as a result of the decrease in rates. Yield Curve Risk: The risk of experiencing an adverse shift in market interest rates associated with investing in a fixed income instrument.  The risk is associated with  either a flattening or steepening of the yield curve, which is a result of changing yields among  comparable bonds with  different maturities. Example For example, the Enron bonds fell when Enron declared themselves bankrupt. The restructured Enron Corporation fixed with their creditors, paying them around $0.14 per dollar. For bondholders this arrangement was of $140 for every $1000 face value of each bond. Call risk Many bonds include a call feature that allows the issuer to redeem or call all or part of the issue before the maturity date. The issuer usually retains this right in order to have flexibility to refinance the bond in the future if the market interest rate drops below the coupon rate. This implies three risks from the investor: (a) The cash flow pattern becomes uncertain, (b) The investor becomes exposed to reinvestment risk because the issuer will call the bond when interest rates drop. (c) The capital appreciation potential of a bond will be reduced, because the price of a callable bond may not rise much above the price at which the issuer will call the bond. Example: For example the managers analyze prospective supply and demand for new issues on spreads in individual sectors or issuers to determine the whether be over weighted or underweighted. Prepayment Risk: Prepayment risk is the amount of potential that exists for an investor who do not receive the projected return from the transaction. Risk of this type is associated with any type of lending situation where interest is assessed on the balance, or where investors purchase bonds in anticipation of recovering the face value plus some type of interest from the venture. Example: Mostly in callable bonds the investors pay a premium with high interest rate take on prepayment risk. Additionally to being highly correlated with decreasing interest rates, mortgage prepayments are highly correlated with increasing home values, as increasing home values provide incentive for borrowers to trade up in homes or use cash-out refinance, both leading to mortgage prepayments Reinvestment risk: When interest rates are declining, investors have to reinvest their interest income and any return of principal, whether scheduled or unscheduled, at lower prevailing rates. Three factors affect this risk: Maturity: the yield to maturity measure for long-term coupon bonds tells little about the potential yield that an investor may realize if the bond is held to maturity. Coupon rate: the higher the coupon rate, the larger the size of the cash flows to be reinvested, and the bigger the reinvestment risk. Therefore a zero-coupon bond has zero reinvestment risk if held to maturity, and a premium bond has bigger reinvestment risk than a discount bond. Call, prepayment options and amortizing securities: the reinvestment risk is even greater for these kinds of securities. A callable bond has higher reinvestment risk than a standard bond, because it is likely that the cash flows of the callable bond may be received faster due to the call feature. Example: For example, su ppose you had a nice, safe Aaa-rated corporate bond that paid you 4% a year. Then rates fall to $2%. Your bond gets called. Youll get back your principal, but you wont be able to find a new, comparable bond in which to invest that principal. If rates have fallen to 2%, youre not going to get 4% with a nice, safe new Aaa-rated bond. Credit risk: The risk of an unexpected, future decrease in credit quality that is a result of events such as a corporate acquisition or material changes in taxes, laws, or regulations. Example: Credit risk are predictable at some extend, when change the market condition, social, economic, political and operational requirements. Even taxation, heather change these are all the examples of credit risk. Liquidity risk: The risk of having difficulty in liquidating an investment position without taking a significant discount from current market value. Liquidity risk can be a significant problem with certain lightly traded securities such as unlisted options and municipal bonds that were part of small issues. Also called marketability risk. if the bond issuers credit rating falls or prevailing interest rates are much higher than the coupon rate, it may be hard for an investor who wants to sell before maturity to find a buyer. Bonds are generally more liquid during the initial period after issuance as that is when the largest volume of trading in that bond generally occurs. Currency and exchange-rate risk: Currencies-the Euro, the dollar, pound sterling, etc.move in relationship to one another. If you have investments in other currencies than your own, the risk is that the currency your bond is in will appreciate. When the bonds proceeds are converted back into your own currency, the proceeds will be worth less. Example: Suppose an investor in the United States purchases shares or bonds in a British company. There would be a huge risk that the value of the investment in dollars might be decrease or decline if the pound falls against the US dollar. Inflation risk: Inflation causes tomorrows Euro, pound sterling or dollar to be worth less than todays; in other words, it reduces the purchasing power of a bond investors future interest payments and principal, collectively known as cash flows. Inflation also leads to higher interest rates, which in turn leads to lower bond prices. Inflation-indexed bonds are structured to remove inflation risk. Example: Imagine, for example, that buy a Treasury bond that pays interest of 3.32%. Thats about as safe an investment as you can find. As long as hold the bond until maturity and the U.S. government doesnt collapse, nothing can go wrongÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.unless inflation climbs. If the rate of inflation rises to, say, 4 percent, your investment is not keeping up with inflation. In fact, youd be losing money because the value of the cash you invested in the bond is declining. Youll get your principal back when the bond matures, but it will be worth less. Volatility risk: Volatility risks are understood to be the amount of threat to a given investment, based on conditions currently taking place in the market. This would include some indication that the value of an underlying security is about to enter into a period of fluctuation that will seriously impact performance of the investment. When deciding whether or not to buy a given option, an investor will normally wish to be made aware of the amount of volatility risk currently associated with the investment. Example: Contrarily, bond market volatility is harmful to convertible hedgers. Rapidly decreasing interest rates in 1992-1993 encouraged many companies to call their convertibles sooner than usual, in resultant premature loss of conversion premiums and accrued interest added to hedging difficulties. A static market teamed with a volatile bond market in 1994 caused created the worst possible scenario for convertible bond hedging strategies. The decrease in relative values between convertible and hedging underlying inventory meant extra losses. Fortunately, hedgers surviving in year 1994 have enjoyed several favourable years. Event risk: The risk that a bonds issuer undertakes a leveraged buyout, debt restructuring, merger or recapitalisation that increases its debt load, causing its bonds values to fall, or interferes with its ability to make timely payments of interest and principal. Event risk can also occur due to natural or industrial accidents or regulatory change. Sovereign risk: The risk that the government issuing the bond will act in ways that negatively affect the value of the bond. Example International bonds have varying degree of risk. Fortunately the some rating agencies that evaluate U.S companies provide ratings for bonds issued by foreign corporations and sovereign nations, which certainly alleviates much of the guess work related to credit quality Q 02: Put Option An option content that gives the holder the right to sell a certain quantity of security to writer of the option, at a specified price up to a specified date. A put option is usually called PUT; it is a financial content between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. Call option An option contract that gives the holder the right to buy a certain quality which is usually 100 shares of underlying security from the writer of the option, at specified price up to a specific date called call option. Bond Market is also known as debt, credit and fixed income market, and is market where participants buy and sell debt securities which are in shape of bond. Markets consists of corporate, Government and agency, Municipal, Mortgage backed and Funding. Bond Investor and Bond Issuer Bond Yield In bond yield the coupon interest rate is fixed, the bonds yields varies from day to day depending on current market conditions. Moreover the yield can be calculated in three different ways and different yields are described are as follows. YIELD TO MATURITY (YTM) It is being described as, if you are interested in buying a bond at a market price that is different from the bond per value. There are three numbers commonly used to measure the annual rate of return you are getting your investment: Coupon rate: Annual payout as a percentage of the bound par value Current yield: Annual payout as a percentage of the current market price you will actually pay YTM: Composted rate of return off all payout, coupon and capital gain. YTM is the best of the measure of the return rate. Whatever r is, if you use to calculate the present value of all payouts and then add up these present values, the sum will equal your initial investment. In an equation, c(1 + r)-1  + c(1 + r)-2  + . . . + c(1 + r)-Y  + B(1 + r)-Y  = P c = annual coupon payment (in dollars, not a percent) Y = number of years to maturity B = par value P = purchase price Suppose your bond is selling for  £950, and has coupon rate of 7%; is matures in 4 years and the par value is  £1000. What is theYTM? The coupon payment is  £70 thats 7% of  £1000, so the the equation will be, 70(1 + r)-1  + 70(1 + r)-2  + . . . + 70(1 + r)-Y  + 1000(1 + r)-Y  = 950 Find that r=8.53% Current yield is  £70/ £950=7.737% Bond Selling: Discount Coupon Rate Current Yield YTM Premium Coupon Rate Current Yield YTM Par Value Coupon Rate = Current Yield = YTM YIELD TO PUT (YTP) The yield to put provision allows the bondholder to sell back the bonds to the issuer at a put price. The put provision is advantageous to a bondholder and not the issuer. A put is likely when prevailing interest rates are significantly higher than the coupon rate attachment to the bond. The yield to put is the rate of return if a bond is put to the issuer. For Example a bond matures after 10 years and pays a 6 percent semiannual coupon rate and is selling for $870. The yield to maturity is 7.90% and the first put price is $975 in 3 years. The yield to put is calculated using a financial calculator. The yield to put is 10.42%, which is greater than the yield to maturity (7.90%). Therefore, it is very likely that the investor would put this bond back to the issuer because yield to put is extremely greater than yield to maturity. It takes a greater return to erase the discount sooner which is why a bond selling at a discount sooner which is why a bond selling at a discount can be a positive to the bondholder. In other hand if, bond were selling at a $1095 (premium), the yield to maturity is 4.78%. YIELD TO CALL (YTC) The rate of return earned on a bond if it is called before its maturity date. If you bought a bond that was callable and the company called it, you would not have the option of holding it until it matured. Therefore, yield to maturity would not be earned. Q # 03 Hard peg : National currency (usually that of an industrial power). One country, in other words, pegs the value of its currency to the value of another currency. This is commonly done by countries with a history of monetary instability is used as a means of restoring and maintaining order. The U.S. dollar is frequently used for a hard peg by other smaller nations. Soft Peg: A currency that fluctuates in value frequently. Soft currencies are generally issued by governments that are less stable and/or have weaker economies than stronger currencies. As such, most soft currencies come from countries in the developing world. Central banks rarely hold reserves of foreign soft currencies as they do little or nothing to stabilize the local currency. A soft currency is also called a weak currency. b);An analysis of the difference between pegs and a fixed exchange rate regime. What Is an Exchange Rate? An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. In other words, it is the value of another countrys currency compared to that of your own. for example, the exchange rate for  U.S. dollars  1:5.5 Egyptian pounds, this means that for every U.S. dollar, you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds. Fixed Exchange Rates A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government sets and maintains as the official exc hange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen or a basket of currencies). In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged. For example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to US$3, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of Conclusion Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. And while a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proved to be a more efficient means of determining the long-term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market. c); Dollarization: Dollarization occurs when the inhabitants of a country use foreign currency in parallel to or instead of the domestic currency. The term is not only applied to usage of the United States dollar, but generally to the use of any foreign currency as the national currency. The major advantage of dollarization is promoting fiscal discipline and thus greater financial stability and lower inflation. Semi-Dollarization: A country will use both its own currency and the U.S. dollar interchangeably as legal tender. Lebanon and Cambodia are good examples of this. Unofficial Dollarization: For many countries in the developing world, the dollar will be widely used and accepted in private transactions, but it is not classified as legal tender by the countrys government A currency Board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the e xchange rate target. Fixed Exchange Rate Regime: Fixed exchange rate regime under which the government or central bank ties the official exchange rate to another countrys currency (or the price of gold).The purpose of a fixed exchange rate system is to maintain a countrys currency value within a very narrow band.Also known as pegged exchange rate. Performance of dollarized countries. The economic performance of unofficially and semiofficially dollarized countries has been highly variable, but generally unimpressive. The reason of use the dollarization: increases market access and integration The US often financially supports nations that dollarize. Dollarization works best for small, interdependent nations helps encourage foreign investment Low quality and hampered economic growth which cause high inflation and many other problems. Regional Disaggregation These countries come in this catagary: Canada Central America and the Caribbean Mexico Brazil Argentina The rest of Mercosur: Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay The Andean group: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. d) Brokers are professionals who play an important role in mediating between a lender and a borrower. Brokers collect personal information about the client for the lender. There are many different types of brokers. Below are the more sought-after brokers: Mortgage broker: mortgage brokers guide customers through the process of selecting a suitable mortgage package with competitive package offers. They also offer financial advice on mortgage and property. Real estate broker: real estate brokers finds buyers for those wanting to sell real estate and finds sellers for those wanting to buy real estate. Forex broker: forex brokers are firms or individuals, who assist individuals or firms to trade in the foreign exchange market Stockbroker: a stockbroker is a person or company who buys and sells stocks on behalf of another person or company, and tries to match up buyers and sellers. Insurance broker: insurance brokers source contracts of insurance on behalf of their customers . An investor looking for an investment avenue will benefit greatly from using a broker, as brokers tend to be more up-to-date with trends and happenings in the market. Also as per law the broker has a fiduciary duty to advise the customer in the customers best interest. Q#04 A)How financial globalization is effected by: Deregulation: Deregulation is when the government seeks to allow more competition in an industry that allows near-monopolies. For example, in the 1990s, the electric utility industry began to be deregulated to allow competition. In some cases this in fact occurred successfully. However, fraud occurred as well. On the other hand, the telecommunications and airlines industries were more successfully deregulated. This allowed more competition, and eventually lower prices for these services. However, many companies that could no longer compete went out of business, which had a negative effect on the economy. Capital mobility: Perfect Capital Mobility means that an enormours quantity of funds will be transferred from one currency to another whenever the rate of return on assets in one country is higher than in another. Capital mobility is effected by political power of banks. The bad news is that big banks retain significant political power. The good news is that the intellectual climate has shifted decisively against them. The Introduction of common currencies: For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire most of Europe has a single, common currency. The US dollar faces the first challenge to its hegemony since it displaced the British pound sterling as the worlds most important currency after the First World War. However, if the Euro is to assume a wider role it will have to flourish in its own continent and survive challenges to the stability of European economies first. The Formation Of Economic Communication and Trading blocks: The concept of trade blocks is crucial in the context of international trade. Trade blocks are free trade zones designed to encourage trade activities across nations. The formation of trade blocks involves a number of agreements on tariff, trade and tax. The activities of trade blocks have huge importance in the economic and political scenarios of the contemporary world. Over the years trading blocks have played a major role in regulating the trend and pattern of international trade. b)How the internet ,and technological advances in computing power and communication affects: Three important issues that are relevant to global banking: how market developments have shaped bank behaviour over time and elicited appropriate responses from financial sector supervisors; how market contestability is important for improving market efficiency in the changing environment; and how some degree of harmonization of standards internationally is necessary to facilitate effective market discipline. Market forces and the rationale of Basel II . Because global market forces are increasingly shaping the structures of national banking systems, supervision needs to be conducted in ways that harness market discipline. The importance of market contestability . Technological developments and international agreements on financial services are making financial markets ever more contestable. Effective market discipline depends on the harmonisation of standards . Global integration is crea ting a need for some degree of harmonisation in this area. Products and Services: Banknotes Bank drafts Bank checques Overdraft Letter of credit Safe deposit boxes ATM Mail Telephonic banking Online banking Mobile banking Video banking b) In the worlds financial markets, four major characteristics: Good and services Labor Capital Technology Modern Financial Markets: Elimination of tariffs and creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs Reduce the transportation costs, especially resulting from the development of centralization Capital control Technologies that have as their primary characteristic the transfer of information, including more traditional media technologies, such as film, satellite television, and telecommunications. As societies and economies re-orient themselves around technologies, there are inevitable consequences For the domestic and global financial system reform take some characteristics: Trade balance Balance of payments External debts Foreign and foreign investment Currency and foreign exchange control The use of domestic and global financial resources for development purposes is becoming more and more important as access to foreign resources becomes increasingly difficult. In doing that the following are seen to be essential: 1. The deepen financial markets in the context of alternative institutional arrangements; 2. Measures to strengthen market-supporting financial infrastructure; 3. A new regulatory and incentive framework to advance market integration; 4. To improve the financial technology of both informal and formal finance to widen the scope of their operations. 5. Measures to develop linkages among segments. How regulatory reforms may be seen as: .Financial services have also been reshaped by technological and structural changes, including ; Globalization The globalization of financial services has increased financial integration, increased mergers and acquisitions within and across borders, and lowered barriers between markets. Increased financial integration Reductions in trade barriers and transportation costs and advances in communications technology have accelerated international economic integration. Lower barriers between markets Consolidation is also being driven by the dismantling of regulatory barriers separating banking, insurance, and securities activities.Boundaries between different financial intermediaries are being blurred, and universal (or integrated) banking is becoming the norm. Important element of financial services: Technology is the way in which financial services are produced and delivered. In addition, technology is fundamentally change the industrial structure . Technological advances Internet and wireless communication technologies are having a profound effect on financial services. These technologies are more than just new distribution channels they are a completely different way of providing financial services. Changes in industry structure These technological advances are changing the face of the financial services industry . New types of service providers are entering the market within and across countries, including online banks and brokerages, and so-called aggregators (which allow consumers to compare financial services such as mortgage loans and insurance policies; Changes in trading systems New electronic systems have lowered the transaction costs of trading and allow for better price determination because electronic execution and matching techniques imply less chance of market. B~)The following forces to change the financial markets: Political: Government type and stability. Freedom of press, rule of law and levels of bureaucracy and corruption. Regulation and de-regulation trends. Social and employment legislation. Tax policy, and trade and tariff controls. Environmental and consumer-protection legislation. . Economic: Current and project economic growth, inflation and interest rates. Unemployment and labor supply. Levels of disposable income and income distribution. Impact of globalization. Likely impact of technological or other change on the economy. Likely changes in the economic environment. Socio-Cultural: Population growth rate and age profile. Population health, education and social mobility. Population employment patterns, job market freedom and attitudes to work. Press attitudes, public opinion. Lifestyle choices and attitudes. Socio-cultural changes. Technological Environment: Impact of emerging technologies. Impact of Internet, reduction in communications costs and increased remote working. Research and development activity. Impact of technology transfer.

The Armenian Genocide - 2102 Words

Armenian Genocide Andy Leeds Ms. Bullis English 1 April 24 Armenians are a Christian nation, and when they were a country, they were the first to proclaim Christianity as the state religion. The Ottoman Empire took control of Armenia during the 15th century, and they were mistreated for quite a while due to religious differences (Christians vs. Muslims), and this mistreatment culminated and peaked during 1915-1918. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire took the opportunity among a world of chaos to exterminate its Christian population, after years of hate propaganda sponsored by the government, they struck, and the Ottoman Empire’s successor denies it to this day. The Ottoman Empire divided its people decades before the genocide; the†¦show more content†¦Simultaneously, the Ottomans managed to eliminate the more dangerous Armenians, as the ones that are truly violent and hateful were massacred in these miniature killings. â€Å"commisioned write articles for publication in the Sura- yi Ummet, demonstrating that Br itain was no longer pursuing friendly policies as she had done in the past, in particular, in the 1830’s and 1840’s. On the contrary, she was now inciting the Armenian, the Macedonians revolutionaries, and even the Arabs against Turkish rule† (Unal) To the Ottomans, Britain meant Christianity, so to hear that Britain didn’t want to be allies anymore meant that Christians didn’t want to be with the Ottomans either. That the Ottomans would connect the Easter Orthodox church of the Armenians with the Protestant Church of England, two very different sects of Christianity, is bizarre. This connection ultimately hurt the Armenians. â€Å"The CUP was always at pains to disguise its Turkish nationalist an, by implication, anti-Christian leanings particularly in its Ottoman-Turkish publications.† (Morganthau) By hiding the fact that they are anti-Christian, the subliminal messages attacking the subconscious are much more effective than a conscious mes sage. The CUP was a very effective propaganda making machine, and very effectively caused Ottoman to be polarized into two groups, MuslimShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of The Armenian Genocide873 Words   |  4 Pagesgenerous people â€Å"give† without the expectation of â€Å"taking† back, the world automatically offers them the better. There was poverty in all the villages of Armenia. Armenian Christians were continuously under attacks. The attacks against Christian Armenians occurred throughout the year 1915. This is the age that is well known for the Armenian Genocide, which was carried out by the Ottoman Turks. 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Life between the Turks (Armenia’s rival) and the Armenians was very complex. Not all Armenians hated the Turks, and not all Turks hated the Armenians. Consequently, the Armenian people were not aware of any forms of annihilation that were being plotted at the time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What exactly is the definition of a Genocide According to the World Book Dictionary, genocide means:Read MoreThe Evil of Armenian Genocide Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesyears ago the horrific Genocide of the Armenians took place. Turkey has shown a classic example of the evil that can result by human beings. Millions of Armenians were slaughtered and murdered in front of their family members. The destruction that constantly plays out throughout the world is cuased by human beings. Hsun Tzu would have also agreed that the young Turks were in face by nature extremely evil. April 24th is the day of grief for many Armenians. 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Difference Between Your Mother and Your Grandmother Free Essays

Difference between Your Mother and Grandmother ‘Grandma’, a word which fills you with emotion as soon as you hear it. She is a person who would go over the top to fight for you. Be it her own son, or even her soulmate, she would fight with anybody to defend you. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Your Mother and Your Grandmother or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even if you’re wrong, even if you hurt her, she would be good to you no matter what. Your mom, for once, might hit you, scold you, but your grandma would never do that. Mothers have the household to look after, but you; believe me, you mean the world to your grandma. She, being elder to your mom, has several stories to share with you, her own life experiences as well, though some turn out to be boring, I bet you’d enjoy most of them. She’d even make false promises, like if you’d make a mistake, she’d stand by your side, saying, â€Å"Oh, he’s just a kid. Forgive him this time, he’ll never do it again,† to the person who’s scolding you. She’d blame herself for your mistakes, saving you from the trouble, and being in soup herself. But despite all this, grandmothers are believed to spoil children. Parents often shout at them for giving so much of ‘unconditional’ love and all they do is listen, without a word. Now, I’d like to share my personal experience. My grandma was a talented and well-educated lady. We’d often sit and gossip about stuff, and play cards with each other. I also enjoyed her company. She, till class VII, was my teacher as well. All I am today is because of her. Everybody asked me to take tuitions at home, but I refused every time because she was more of a friend to me, than a teacher. Being the oldest woman in the family, she was in charge of all the money matters of the house. She used to keep some change in her purse, which always ended up in my pocket. Though dad often asked her not to give me so much of money, she used to agree, but I somehow managed to butter her up and get the notes and she also could not say ‘no’ to me, and was ready to give me whatever I wanted, as and when demanded. I cannot recollect a single occasion when she did not pay me. But due to her old age, her health was deteriorating for some time now. She was undergoing depression for the past seven-eight months and finally, she left for heaven earlier this year. In the end, I’d like to tell my fellow classmates who still have their grandparents with them that guys, you’re lucky to have such great people in your life. Respect them, and spend time with them. I wish I had practiced what I’m preaching because when on the bed, she used to call me, but all I did was giving a silly reason continuing to enjoy my own life and I still regret it. I wish I could thank her for all she did for me, but life is not always the way you want it to be. How to cite Difference Between Your Mother and Your Grandmother, Papers

Exponential Functions of Decaying Dice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Exponential Functions of Decaying Dice. Answer: Introduction: The decay of the radioactive nuclear is slow hence the rate of the decay can be determined at some particular time. This is a result of the rate of the decay that is constant. Decay is a statistical process, this implies that there can be statistical analysis in determination of the rate of decay. Alternatively, the statistical method can also be used to determine the number of times a given die can roll. Therefore, an experiment is done to determine decay analogy of the radioactive nuclei. A die is thrown spontaneously where the sides showing specific numbers are regarded as decayed for example, a specific number such as five. The dice then are to be removed and counting is done to the remaining dice. Recording and representation of the remaining die are done within a range of time. The remaining dice are thrown and the recounting is also done. This process is done on and on until such a time when the number of dice that do not decay is reduced. A constant is used to represent the d ecay of the radioactive nuclei.in this experimentation, there is the assumption that dice have a single change in showing the specific number hence this gives an equivalent of real decay of a radioactive decay, thus this constant is given as 1/6. with an assumption that one was to throw a dice at intervals of one hour and make counts on the same.by throwing 500 dice simultaneously at the end of every hour is the easiest way of starting the test[1]. This implies that at the end of one-hour one-sixth of this dice will be removed and with perfect statistics then the remaining dice will be 416.66667. Generally, remaining number after that throw will be shown as; N1 = 500(1 1/6). When a throw is done for the second time we have; N2 = 500(1 1/6) (1 1/6) = 500(11/6)2 General whilst when n number of mass is given as; Nn = 500(1 1/6) n. This is an indication that decay is a progressive geometry. The first twelve throws are the one that is used in the determination of the dice that do not decay. This method is indicated in the table below and a graph plotted as the number of the remaining die against the number of rolls as shown below. Mathematics of the decay of real radioactive nuclei. The time interval presentation by each mass and the actual time elapse denoted by t is to be linked in this case. For the real nuclei decay is exponentially shown as; Nt = N0et Where Nt number of dice that do not decay remaining at time t. By substituting the value of the constant of the decay with 1/6 h1 and No is equated to nuclei of about 500. Nt = 500 et/6. Then the counting is done at an interval of every one hour. This value is indicated in the table below. Alternatively, one can use 100 dice to do the test or the dice activity. For the first time, one needs to have a large number of the dice and also should have a cup that can be able to carry all the dice that you have for the operation. One should have the piece of paper for recording and some graph paper for showing some graphical results[2]. One should imagine having some supply of the radioactive isotopes with a sixth chance for decay for the time that follows. This is to be done for the next six minutes and a confirmation is done. It is done for the next 20 minutes. This continued until the half of the dice is used for the approximation on how long it takes for the decay of the half of the sample. All the dice should be put in that cup and rolling to be done on the table. The separation of the dice should be done on the table and all that turned up to be separated these are regarded as the decayed particles. The counting should be done on the participles that decayed and remaining dice then is measured. Decayed particles then separated and then placed in a particular pipe for easy monitoring. This pipe should be good enough to carry the dice and easy to be supervised. Some dice are then placed in the cap. This steps should be repeated for some time and measuring of this should be done for the decaying particles. Separation is then done to the batches that turned up perceived to be decayed. This process is done for the next 2 minutes. The rolling should be done for the next 3 minutes and repeated until all the dice are over. Lastly graphing is then done for the decaying dice. This should be done with respect to the minute of the rolling.stent ratio, this decay can be employed in the real life to help in predicting the expectation for the impending losses or some case profits. It can as well be employed in real life to predict the market trends. The exponential decay can also be employed in real life to determine the depreciation rate of commodities like houses and vehicle. In some cases, the government employs the exponential decay to predict the reduction in population, poll prediction and downwards trend in the markets. Checking on the function of the exponential decay is done with the calculator for the graphs or a program with the similarity of such. The plotting was done and had a constant of about 0.1666 that is equivalent to the sixth. Implying that the plotting was done with e-(1/6) this function was the description of the graph, with a proper software the plotting of the data was done and the software enabled to fit an exponential. Sketching done with a proper graph drawn later as indicated below. Since the process of this inherent randomness is the easiest way of the determining the nature of the exponential. Checking on the function of the exponential decay, with calculators for the graphs or a program with the similarity of such[3]. The plotting was done and had a constant of about 0.1666 that is equivalent to the sixth. Implying that the plotting was done with e-(1/6) this function was the description of the graph, with a proper software the plotting of the data was done and the software enabled to fit an exponential. Sketching done with a proper graph drawn later as indicated below. Since the process of this inherent randomness is the easiest way of the determining the nature of the exponential Conclusion The modification can be done accurately using the throwing of the six-sided dice to determine the decay of the radioactive nuclei. Most of the research indicates that obtained half-life by dice is different with that of nuclei hence the decay has a constant of 1/6. This divergence is as a result of the continuous exponential decay modeling done by the discrete geometric progression. There is a decrease in the number of the sides brought about by the degree of the divergence affected by the number of the sides. By going with the judgments from the internet, some works have indicated that most people have come to this conclusion. Most of the works have been done by the few pence per die.A useful analogy of the radioactive decay can be provided by the simple experiment. Where the random nature of the process is highlighted, the decay rate is varied with the number of the throw as shown by the graph produced and finally creates the room for the generation of data by the students in a saf e and simple way The modification can be done accurately using the throwing of the six-sided dice to determine the decay of the radioactive nuclei. research indicates that obtained half-life by dice is different with that of nuclei hence the decay has a constant of 1/6.this divergence is as a result of the continuous exponential decay modeling done by the discrete geometric progression. There is the decrease in the number of the side brought about by the degree of the divergence affect by the number of the sides.by the judgments of the internet, some works have indicated that most people have come to this conclusion. Most of the works have been done by the few pence per die. A useful analogy of the radioactive decay can be provided by the simple experiment[4]. Where the random nature of the process is highlighted, the decay rate is that varies with the number of the throw is shown by the graph produced and finally creates the room for the generation of data by the students in the safe and simple way Reference Administration, F. 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