Personality and Emotional Development

Self-awareness of each kid is as significant as obtaining of logical realities and learning of the fundamental laws of the universe. Capacity of an individual to apply social-passionate abilities in adulthood can be considered as a positive commitment of the arrangement of instruction to it. Constructive social advancement in a more extensive scope of social jobs and duties of an individual can be reached through such close to home aptitudes and capacities as administration, regard to other people, non-damaging conduct, and capacity to negotiate.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Personality and Emotional Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More An individual should regard others, have the option to haggle over specific issues, maintain a strategic distance from verbal and physical maltreatment to convince an individual or show his/her feelings or thoughts, and attempt to prevail in all exercises he/she takes an interest in. in that capacity, all previously mentioned aptitudes can be examined in complex with respect to their nearby association with one another. Family condition can be as empowering as debilitating as far as improvement of social-enthusiastic aptitudes of youngsters. All things considered, the best characteristics of the family condition that can decidedly add to the advancement of social-passionate aptitudes in kids incorporate the accompanying: Encouragement of activities and initiative abilities in youngsters can cause them to be progressively autonomous and dynamic in their exercises; Respect for choices of kids just as different grown-ups in the family is the key quality to creating of regard and non-harsh conduct in kids; Discussion of issues transparently is planned for making kids not terrified of having their own thoughts and settling on choices as per the perspectives of different individuals from the family. In the event that guardians notice a few changes in the conduct of their kids, they ou ght to be prepared to talk about it transparently inside the family and with the educator. Simultaneously, family condition can have negative impact on improvement of social-enthusiastic aptitudes. In this regard, the characteristics that can repress the child’s advancement for a scope of jobs and duties in the public eye remember absence of regard for the family to the assessment of different individuals. This can be seen through forbiddances and forswearing of a child’s own will when guardians will in general choose what is ‘better’ for their youngsters. Presence of this quality in the family may keep a kid from getting such social â€emotional aptitudes as initiative and capacity to arrange in light of the fact that he/she is instructed at home to have no close to home perspectives. Then again, such quality as verbal or physical maltreatment can keep a kid from individual grown-ups when all is said in done and the individuals who can look like the per son who causes the kid to experience the ill effects of manhandling. Besides, a kid can treat mishandling as a standard of conduct and use it as a contention when he/she can see zero chance for tranquil exchange. Moreover, physical and boisterous attack can be the purpose behind various different issues in a child’s advancement. Homeroom condition can be truly promising for understudies as far as advancement of their social-passionate aptitudes that can be additionally applied to a more extensive scope of jobs and obligations. For example, an educator can present gathering exercises so kids could rehearse their authority aptitudes and show regard in agreeing while at the same time dealing with the assignments.Advertising Looking for article on brain science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As proposed by Slaving et al. (2003), â€Å"cooperative learning exercises can be arranged with gatherings of youngsters at various levels who can help each other learn† (refered to in Slavin, 2009, p. 46). Plus, an instructor can â€Å"create decides in the study hall that perceive positive conduct, for example, co-activity, mindful, helping, consolation and support† (Elias, 2003, p. 8). Simultaneously, another positive nature of the study hall condition that can add to advancement of social-passionate aptitudes is connection among understudies and mentality of the educator toward intrigue gatherings and urging understudies to make companions. Homeroom condition can turn into the purpose behind issues a kid experiences as far as social-enthusiastic turn of events. For example, if an instructor couldn't care less about the connection between colleagues, kids can carry on in a negative way influencing others and forestalling each other from gaining ground. Also, an educator can adversely influence youngsters in the event that he/she show affront for some of understudy instructor along these lines in dicating a clear model. Most likely, understudies would follow such a model and affronting individuals with no explanation and manhandling them verbally or truly to give them prevalence would turn into a standard. Such scholars as Erik Erickson and Maurice Elias have contributed significantly to understanding the need of creating social-enthusiastic aptitudes of kids. For example, Erik Erickson presented various temperances that can be created in a particular age; all things considered, skill is one of the ideals that can be created in the age of 6-11 years and an educator should ensure that no kid feels sub-par when contrasting himself/herself to other youngsters in class. Simultaneously, Maurice Elias introduced clarification of enthusiastic knowledge, an idea that can be seen when individuals attempt to regard one another and haggle to agree. References Elias, M. J. (2003). Scholarly and social learning. Brussels, Belgium: International Academy of Education. Web.Advertising We wi ll compose a custom paper test on Personality and Emotional Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slavin, R. E. (2009). Instructive brain research hypothesis and practice (ninth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. This paper on Personality and Emotional Development was composed and put together by client Christian J. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

10 Functions of the Comma

10 Functions of the Comma 10 Functions of the Comma 10 Functions of the Comma By Mark Nichol A comma is an adaptable accentuation mark, serving ten fundamental capacities. Here’s a list, with models. 1. Separate the components in an arrangement: â€Å"Groucho, Harpo, and Chico built up the way of thinking called Marxism.† Numerous periodicals and sites, and most conversationally composed books, preclude the sequential, or last, comma, yet it is everything except required in formal composition and is suggested in all use. As language expert Bryan Garner watches, â€Å"Omitting the sequential comma may cause ambiguities, though including it never will.† 2. Separate composed free provisos: â€Å"I like the Marx Brothers, yet she thinks they’re too silly.† (An autonomous statement is one that can remain all alone as a sentence yet is connected with another by a combination as well as an accentuation mark.) Special cases incorporate sentences with firmly connected provisions (â€Å"Go to the window and see who’s there†) and those with a compound predicate (â€Å"The Marx Brothers are known for their plays on words and their sight gags†). 3. Separate a basic word (â€Å"Naturally, I concur with you†), state (â€Å"Last summer, I went on a long vacation†), or subordinate proviso (â€Å"If you’re too bustling currently, hold up until later†) from the rest of the sentence. 4. Separate a discretionary incidental component from the rest of the sentence. â€Å"We have, in a way, won notwithstanding our loss.† (The expression â€Å"in a way of speaking† could likewise be set off by em runs or enclosures, contingent upon whether the essayist wishes to underscore the interference of the announcement â€Å"We have won in spite of our loss† or needs to reduce it as an aside.) 5. Separate organize descriptors from one another: â€Å"I could truly utilize a tall, cool beverage right now.† (Do not separate noncoordinate modifiers with a comma; this post clarifies the distinction between these two sorts of modifiers.) 6. Separate an attribution from an immediate citation: â€Å"She stated, ‘Neither decision is very appealing’†; â€Å"‘That’s not my problem,’ he replied.† (A colon might be go before a proper declaration or an attribution that frames a total idea, as in, â€Å"He had this to state: ‘Her point is irrelevant.† Omit accentuation when the attribution is inferred, as in â€Å"Your reaction ‘Her point is irrelevant’ is evasive.†) 7. Separate a participial expression or one coming up short on an action word from the rest of the sentence: â€Å"Having said that, I despite everything have my doubts†; â€Å"The deed done, we withdrew to our hideout.† 8. Separate a welcome from a letter (â€Å"Dear friends,†) or a complimentary close from a mark in a letter (â€Å"Sincerely,†). A colon ought to be utilized instead of a comma in a proper greeting. 9. Separate components when setting off a term for a bigger geopolitical element from that for a littler one situated inside it (â€Å"Santa Barbara, California, is situated on the coast†) and for components of road addresses (â€Å"1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC†) (and dates (â€Å"January 1, 2013†). 10. Separate gatherings of three digits in numbers: (Let me reveal to you how to make your initial 100,000,000 dollars.† (Because huge numbers are hard to filter, it’s typically better to utilize one of the accompanying structures: â€Å"100 million dollars,† â€Å"one hundred million dollars.†) Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Using an and a Before WordsOne Fell SwoopPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Howard Zinn Essay Example for Free

Howard Zinn Essay Howard Zinn was conceived on December 7 19922 in Brooklyn New York. Zinn was brought up in an average workers family in Brooklyn, and flew besieging missions for the United States in World War 2, which experience he uses to shape his restriction to war. Howard Zinn is one of the most regarded students of history, the writer of different books and plays, and an energetic extremist for radical change. An away from of his inclination is his self-portrayal You Cant Be Neutral on a Moving Train. He is maybe most popular for A Peoples History of the United Sates, which presents American history through the eyes of those outside of the political and monetary foundation, similar to the Native Americans, slaves, ladies, blacks, and so on. In his exposition Violence and Human Nature Howard Zinn focuses that; regardless of whether people are fit for savage conduct, it is social conditions that bridle that brutality. He cautions us to avoid the broad thought that people are naturally inclined to brutality and fighting. Mr. Zinn begins by utilizing a weapons store of renowned masterminds, calling attention to their skeptical perspectives and accepts on human conduct. Perspectives dependent on no solid proof that we people are brought into the world with this quality called viciousness. Zinn begins utilizing Machiavellis positive view in The Prince that people will in general be terrible. Zinn include extraordinary personalities, for example, Einstein and Freud and their correspondence to outline their own perspectives regarding the matter, and their decisions that people are vicious naturally. Different researchers are additionally tossed in to help this customary perspective on human instinct being shrewd. The author goes on with the possibility that logical proof doesnt demonstrates it, and that is the idea that people are in nature inclined to brutality. Howard singles out some logical fields to appear as that there is no proof of human impulse for the sort of forceful antagonistic vibe that describes war. He goes to sociobiology, where the Harvard teacher E.O Wilson in his book On Human nature answers with a yes on the inquiry Are individuals naturally forceful? also, discovers his proof not in his field yet as Freud did ever. Wilson proceeds to portray that people are brought into the world with such a characteristic as brutality, that we own it to our qualities. Zinn counter assaults this with the accompanying, Stephen Jay Gould an associate of Wilson and a master in advancement completely just answers when asked that there no proof forâ such an announcement by Wilson. Zinn is beginning to show us an intriguing example, a plan that plainly give us that each clarification from those notable individuals hope to root their selves with proof discovered uniquely ever. Zinn welcomes us to outline why History is being picked as the field from where those individuals can pull their proof of Human brutality. Its effectively demonstrated when you pick people to be underhanded, you simply need to pick your model, and history is overwhelmed with it. Zinn gives us that there is a drawback of it singling out history, since it relies upon which verifiable occasions you look at to be in support of you. Its risky and one-sided to follow this path. Zinn proceeds to persuade us that our focus get diverted by the genuine reason for viciousness and war. Zinn utilizes the 1986 worldwide gathering of researchers in Spain to communicate their decision on the topic of human instinct and vicious animosity, to draw with respect to the very purpose of the entire paper that society has the ability to outfit this fierce impulse in people, and not our organic cosmetics. To additionally fix his perception, Zinn utilizes the notable Milgram try. In whole, painstakingly controlled tests exhibit that we tail others more frequently than we may get a kick out of the chance to think. Nonetheless, it additionally appears to genuine that we dont consistently accommodate. We are bound to acclimate when authority figures are close by, and are bound to communicate our uniqueness and difference when the outcomes of our activities are progressively obvious. Additionally from the zone of human sciences Zinn utilizes the two clans of The Forest People and The Mountain People from the investigations of Colin Turnbull, to give us what an effect can an outside aggravation have on one clan, which drew out a fierce conduct in them. In any case, the second clan continuous proceeded on a delicate and serene life. Howard chose to divert our consideration from all does scholastic investigations to the war itself. He gives himself for instance to clarify war. Zinn contends that he and his individual troopers executed because of a lot of encounters thatâ brought them to the bleeding edges of war, not on the grounds that they felt an instinctual force to do as such. He doesnt see the troopers ability to do battle as certified to their human instinct however is fairly activated by existing social conditions. This is what is normal from you, the weight of individuals around him to perform his responsibility. Zinn was raised to believe that the countries political pioneers would settle on just and reasonable decisions, and that the world was isolated into acceptable and terrible nations, his own nation being one of the great. He additionally was prepared not to address arranges and being reminded that there was no motivation to scrutinize those requests since they all originated from great political pioneers and you ought to comply with those individuals. Ones in the war and having such submission, created in him by his general public, a warrior effectively shows the intensity of culture in extraordinary manners, as for instance the My Lai Massacre. Where a unit of units demolished an entire town comprised distinctly by old individuals, ladies and kids. Zinn chooses to give us that in the result of the slaughter, GIs as on account of Charles Hutto said that he did what he was advised to do. In any case, we see that additionally a helicopter workplaces chooses to spare as much individuals as possible from the town underneath, Howard recommends that men are arranged to war under certain setting. Society should come to goes to this force which it holds over individuals outfitting this vicious nature and abstain from doing as such no matter what.

Ambition Emotions Free Essays

Dr. Faustus remains at the beginning of the Renaissance time frame and the beginning of the medieval times as he thinks about the strict dramatization of his time. In reality, during those medieval occasions, the comprehension of paradise and hellfire was not far expelled from the calculated comprehension of the mysterious. We will compose a custom article test on Desire Emotions or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The play is fixed with powerful creatures, heavenly attendants and evil spirits, which may have ventured in front of an audience to explain a significant desire in the medieval ages, the intense quest for salvation. Without a doubt, this kind of aspiration is differentiated very well in the play Dr. Faustus, by the beginning of the Renaissance time frame and the desire it gives. A speedy review of the Renaissance time frame shows that it was likewise the Age of Discovery; word has quite recently arrived at Europe of the presence of extraordinary places in the ‘New World’. This Age of Discovery is answerable for the adjustment in focal point of aspirations from the ‘otherworldly’ of the medieval ages, to the more natural ‘worldly’ desire of our occasions. We see Faustus, albeit moving to grasp common desire plagued by mullings of the other world. For instance he asks the evil presence Mephistopheles, FIRST WILL I QUESTION WITH THEE ABOUT HELL. Let me know, WHERE IS THE PLACE THAT MEN CALL HELL (5. 120â€135) And later, subsequent to being given a clarification, he says, COME, I THINK HELL’S A FABLE. (5. 120â€135) In certainty these contentions appear to catch well the change between the medieval times and the Renaissance time frame since no perfect partitioning line exists. As Dr. Faustus urges his aspiration to concentrate on the open doors introduced by this alleged Age of revelation. His resolute concern is with sumptuous silk outfits and ground-breaking war-machines than with sparing his spirit. This difference among riches and salvation must be comprehended from the viewpoint that Dr. Faustus means to obtain such riches through an eager carrer5 in magic. Without a doubt, dark enchantment appears to him as the main vocation that can coordinate the extent of his desire, the subject that can challenge his gigantic mind. Being a researcher, he has aced the significant callings of his time. Explicitly he professes to have aced Law, medication and religious philosophy, and he discovers them all disappointing. Dr. Faustus finds that his tremendous desire have apparently met their match as he considers to delve further into magic. Faustus is loaded with thoughts for how to utilize the force that he looks for. He envisions accumulating extraordinary riches, yet he likewise tries to plumb the secrets of the universe and to change the guide of Europe. In spite of the fact that they may not be completely honorable, these plans are eager and rouse stunningness, if not compassion. They loan a greatness to Faustus’s plans and cause his journey for individual capacity to appear to be practically brave, a feeling that is fortified by the expressiveness of his initial talks. Incidentally, Faustus’s aspiration appears to sap as he understands the underlying objective of his desire, to ace the dim forces of dark enchantment. This is delineated from the manner in which he quickly limits his viewpoints once he really gains the for all intents and purposes boundless force that he so wants. Since he understands that the sky is the limit to him, he wastes the great plans that he had considered at an opportune time, fighting himself with performing conjuring stunts for rulers and aristocrats and taking a bizarre take pleasure in utilizing his enchantment to pull reasonable pranks on straightforward people. Bizarre as it might appear, the acknowledgment of Faustus’s aspiration makes him unremarkable as opposed to hoisting him to more significant levels of loftiness. The inquiry asks; does control degenerate Faustus or is it through force that Faustus gets fair? This is on the grounds that Faustus’s conduct after he sells his spirit barely ascends to the degree of genuine fiendishness. Or maybe, increasing supreme force adulterates Faustus by making him unremarkable and by changing his limitless aspiration into a good for nothing savor the experience of insignificant superstar. In reality this is a mystery since toward the start of the play; Dr. Faustus looks to acquire significance from the acknowledgment of an unquenchable taste to transcend masculine measures of accomplishment. However, as he picks up the objective, he appears to sink lower than the basest man. Would we be able to state that he ought to have been content with controlling his aspiring blazes, as the medieval times’ rationale appeared to energize? Saying so will mean he figures out how to live with his disappointing and unfulfilled life, which just makes the way for more void throughout everyday life. Extrapolating from the fore going persuades that such an ambitionless way of life will lead him to the very express that he is presently toward the finish of satisfying his journey, just he would have reached there snappier than following twenty four or so years. This state is obviously, the condition of being fair. From the fore going, it appears to me that it will be confused to accept that Faustus is a scoundrel. I accept that it is fitting to see him as a lamentable saint, a hero whose character imperfections lead to his destruction. THESE METAPHYSICS OF MAGICIANS, AND NECROMANTIC BOOKS ARE HEAVENLY! (1. 40â€50) This is on the grounds that, even from the above statement, the rationale he uses to dismiss religion is imperfect, since it drives him to utilize his desire in devilish interests. This plays out gradually in light of the fact that at first, in Faustus’s long discourse after the two holy messengers have murmured in his ears, his talk diagrams the cutting edge journey for power over nature (but through enchantment as opposed to through science) in gleaming, moving language. He offers a not insignificant rundown of amazing objectives, including the obtaining of information, riches, and political influence, which he accepts he will accomplish once he has aced the dull expressions. These are undoubtedly noteworthy aspirations that rouse wonder, no doubt. Nonetheless, the genuine uses to which he puts his enchanted forces are baffling and tacky. Moreover, Faustus proceeds to show visual impairment very dissimilar to a man of information. This visual deficiency fills in as one of his characterizing attributes all through the play, and is ostensibly roused by his aspiration. He decides to see the world, as he needs to see it instead of for what it's worth. This disregarding of the truth is represented by his request that Mephistopheles, who is apparently revolting, return as a Franciscan minister with the goal that he may not be unnerved by the devil’s genuine shape [as portrayed by Mephistopheles’ appearance]. Faustus even overlooks Mephistopheles’ urgings to him to desert his â€Å"frivolous demands† (3. 81). Note this purported daze desire of Faustus had cataclysmic outcomes. The stature of which drove Faustus not to try and understand that he had arrived at the restrictions of his mission for information. In scene six, we see the restrictions of the devilish blessings that Faustus has been offered start to develop. He is given the endowment of information, and Mephistopheles readily discloses to him the mysteries of space science, yet when Faustus asks who made the world, Mephistopheles will not reply. Faustus doesn't understand this is the primary event that the evil presence has been not able to disclose to him the information he so beyond all doubt tries to pick up. I accept that if faustus had not been aimlessly driven yet kept his head as he did when he aced the information on Law, Theology and Medicine, at that point his aspiration would have driven him to the accompanying acknowledgment: that all the common information that he has so emphatically wanted focuses unyieldingly upward, toward God. For what it's worth, obviously, he is totally isolates from God to the point of being a skeptic. This separation began for a little while back when he misread the New Testament to state that any individual who sins will be doomed eternallyâ€ignoring the sections that offer the desire for contrition. In any event, when he sees Lucifer, Beelzebub, and Mephistopheles appear to him and turns out to be out of nowhere apprehensive shouting, â€Å"O Faustus, they are come to get thy soul! † (5. 264), Faustus despite everything rules against apologizing. This conduct is ascribed to the awful heavenly attendant and Mephistopheles who causes him to accept that it is as of now past the point of no return for him, a conviction that endures all through the play. This reality is seen toward the finish of his days when he says, SWEET HELEN, MAKE ME IMMORTAL WITH A KISS: HER LIPS SUCKS FORTH MY SOUL, SEE WHERE IT FLIES! (12. 81â€87) At this point, he has understood the awful idea of the deal he has made. Regardless of his feeling of premonition, Faustus makes the most of his forces, as the joy he takes in conjuring up Helen clarifies. Faustus keeps on showing a similar vulnerable sides and unrealistic reasoning in that he looks for sublime effortlessness in Helen’s lips, which can, best case scenario, offer just natural delight. â€Å"Make me everlasting with a kiss,† he cries, even as he keeps on holding his back went to his lone trust in getting away from condemnation to be specific, atonement. All in all, Scholar R. M. Dawkins broadly commented that Doctor Faustus recounts â€Å"the story of a Renaissance man who needed to address the medieval cost for being one. † While somewhat oversimplified, this citation gets at the core of one of the play’s focal topics: the conflict between the medieval world and the universe of the developing Renaissance. To Faustus, his aspirations for power functioned as an undermining impact to him so that albeit right off the bat in the play, before he consents to the settlement with Lucifer, Faustus is brimming with thoughts of how to utilize the force that he looks for, he later uses this boundless capacity to accomplish rather vain adventures lastly acquire himself interminable condemnation References: http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/doctorfaustus/subjects. html Instructions to refer to Ambition Emotions, Papers

Economics Terminology

Economics Terminology Economics Terminology Home›Economics Posts›Economics Terminology Economics PostsEvery economy goes through a business cycle (a graph that shows short-term ups and downs in the economy); it includes movement from a trough, through expansion, it gets to the peak (which is the highest point of the cycle), to recession, down into the trough again and the cycle continues.Recessions are periods during which the aggregate output declines and it qualifies as a recession if the economic downturn occurs in two consecutive quarters. If a recession is prolonged it is referred to as a depression, for example, one that was experienced in the U.S in 1930s. Economists tend to appreciate what is done by recession because, it tends to help the economy to shed unproductive resources paving way for recovery and future economic growth.The period from the bottom of a trough to the peak is a boom or expansion; this is the period that the economy is doing well as per output and employment. On the other hand, the period from the peak to a trough where the output and employment falls is a contraction, recession or slump.When the business cycle is experiencing an expansion it seems to encourage inflation; this is an increase in the overall price level, and the opposite is deflation, which is an overall decrease in prices. It is measured by looking at a large number of goods and services and calculating the average increase in prices. In most of the situations, where inflation occurs, it is accompanied by a fall in output or the economy is told to be experiencing both a contraction and inflation, which leads to a situation referred to as stagflation. Stagflation is possibly caused by an increase in costs of production, which in most cases leads to the low-output levels.

Todays financial environment - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Todays financial environment is highly risk prone. The volatility of economic variables such as interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices etc has increased because of the increased internationalization of businesses. In order to have a stable business a firm must identify and manage its risk carefully. Risk is defined as the doubtfulness of returns. Any firm faces two types of risks. Business risk Financial risk A business risk includes the risk of competition, risk of a new technology hampering the business of a firm and risk of failure of a strategic decision made by the management. It is the responsibility of the manager of the organisation to identify and prevent these risks from affecting the organisation. A financial risk includes the risk of non payment of loan given to a debtor or the risk that a purchased asset or security is not liquid. A financial institution takes the responsibility of the financial risk and lets a firm concentrate on the business risk. MANAGING RISK There are many financial instruments available in the market by which a firm can manage the financial risks. It depends on the firms management capabilities to choose the right combination of these instruments to protect itself from such risks. The most commonly tool by firms is the derivatives. There are basically 3 types of players in the market today that use derivatives. Hedgers: They want to reduce their financial risk and can tolerate some costs to prevent loss in case of unfavourable changes in the market situation. Speculators: They forecast the future movement of the markets and want to make profits using derivatives. Arbitrageurs: their aim is to make risk less profit by trading in two or more markets (or contracts) at the same time. Thus, derivatives help in transferring risk from hedgers to speculators or arbitrageurs. CURRENCY MARKETS The currency market is called foreign exchange market. The traders in currency markets are Exporters, importers, banks etc. Foreign exchange rate is defined as the value of the foreign currency with respect to the value of the domestic country. A trade in currency market is done in currency pairs like US Dollar-INR contract. The first currency in a currency pair is called a base currency and the second currency is called the terms currency. An exchange rate can be interpreted as the amount of terms currency that a buyer must pay to obtain one unit of base currency. Thus, a USD-INR rate of Rs. 50.083 means that Rs. 50.083 must be paid to get 1 USD. Changes in Foreign exchange prices are very fast. Any price fluctuation is expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency relative to the other i.e. a change of USD-INR rate from Rs. 50 to Rs. 50.083 means that USD has appreciated and the INR has depreciated because now, a buyer of USD will have to pay more INR to b uy 1 USD than before. FACTORS THAT AFFECT EXCHANGE RATES There are many factors that affect exchange rates. Economic policies: The economic policies followed by the government affect the exchange rate. For example, if a country has balance of payment surplus then it will have favourable exchange rate. Rates: Interest rates: if the interest rate of a country rises then investors from other countries would want to invest in that country. So the demand for domestic currency and hence its value will increase. Inflation rate: High inflation rate reduces export and thus the demand of the domestic currency also reduces. Hence, the currency depreciates. Exchange rate policy and Central Bank interventions: The most important factor affecting the exchange rates is the Exchange rate policy of the country. Sometimes Central bank also intervenes to control the demand or supply of domestic currency. Political stability: Stability of government of a country also affects the exchange rate. Speculation: Speculation also affects exchange rate movements. If the currency of a country is speculated as overvalued, people will take out their money from that country resulting in reduced demand for that currency and depreciating its value. ANALYSIS OF INR The value of any currency does not remain stable for a long period of time.There is a number of factors that affect its strengthening/weakening. The factors that have a direct influence on value of a currency are: Stock market of India There is a positive correlation between Indian rupee and stock market index because as the stock market index rises, more investors would like to purchase stocks and thus demand for Indian rupee will increase resulting in appreciation in its value. In the Graph1(appendix), an upward moment of Sensex has resulted in an upward moment in the price of the Rupee (INR) and made it much stronger in the comparison of US Dollar. Global currency trends INR is related to currencies of many other countries especially USD and EURO. The relation between dollar and rupee in Graph 3 is that when the dollar get stronger the rupee is gets weak and when the rupee get stronger the dollar falls.Thus, dollar and rupee are inversely proportionate to each another. In Graph 4,we can see that when euro is at strong position,INR is showing recovery sign against its base currency (dollar). crude oil India is a big importer of crude oil and the value of INR gets highly affected by the increase in the prices of the crude oil.Graph 2 shows prices of crude and rupee from 26th June, 2008 to 26th June 29, 2009. CURRENCY DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS A currency derivative is a contract between the sellers and buyers whose values are calculated from the underlying-the Exchange Rate. The main purpose of Currency derivatives is hedging, although they can also be used for speculation. There are many types of derivative contracts. The 4 main are forward, future, option and swap. FORWARD: A future contract fixes the exchange rate between the two parties. This rate is carried forward to a fixed future date. Thus, both the parties can avoid exposure to risk in case of fluctuations in market. At the time of contract the exchange rate is decided, called as forward exchange rate or forward rate. FUTURE: Future contracts are similar in functionality to forward contract. The differences between future and forward contract are given in the table below. SWAP: Swap is an instrument in which the 2 involved parties agree to privately exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. The currency swap means swapping both principal and interest between the parties. The cash flows in both directions are in different currencies. In a swap normally three basic steps are involved: Initial exchange of principal amount Ongoing exchange of interest Re exchange of principal amount on maturity. OPTIONS: Currency option gives the holder a right to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange at a fixed price for certain duration. The holder does not have to compulsory buy (call) or sell (put), rather he has an option to do so. A trader in currency market has three choices through the spot market or derivatives market. He may exchange the currency at current by entering into a spot transaction. If he wants to exchange the currency at a future date, he may: Enter into a futures/forward contract, where he agrees to exchange the currency in the future at a price decided now. Buy a currency option contract, wherein he commits for a future exchange of currency, with an agreement that the contract will be valid only if the price is favourable to the participant. PRICING OF FUTURES CONTRACTS Interest rate parity theory states that the currency margin is dependent on the prevailing interest rate for investment in the two currencies. The forward rate can be calculated by the following formula: Rh and Rf are simple interest rate in the home and foreign currency respectively. If we consider continuously compounded interest rate then forward rate can be calculated by using the following formula: STRATEGIES IN CURRENCY MARKET CURRENCY FUTURES FOR HEDGING There are 2 ways in which hedging which can be done by a firm in currency market: Short-Hedge Short position means that a party agrees to sell the base currency and receive the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A short hedge involves taking a short position in the futures market. This is done by a party that already owns the base currency or is expecting a future receipt of the base currency. long-Hedge Long position means that a party agrees to buy the base currency and pay the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A long hedge involves taking a long position in the futures market. This is done by a party that needs base currency in future to make some payment. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR SPECULATION Speculators can also use future contracts if they anticipate that the spot price in the future will be different from the prevailing futures price. If a speculator anticipates an appreciation in base currency, he will hold a long position in the currency contracts to make profit when the exchange rates move up as per his expectation. If he anticipates a depreciation of the base currency, he will hold a short position in the futures contract so that he can make a profit when the exchange rate moves down. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR ARBITRAGE Arbitrage is the strategy in which the trader takes advantage of price differential of the same or similar product between two or more markets. The profit is the difference between the market prices of the products. An arbitrageur has access to both the markets and will identify price differences in the two markets for a product. If in one of the markets the product is cheaper, he will buy the product from that market and sell in the costlier market and thus make risk-less profit. In currency market an arbitrageur can enter into both a forwards and futures contract if he identifies any mispricing between them. If one of them is priced higher, the same shall be sold while simultaneously buying the other which is priced lower. On January 1, 2008, an Indian company enters into a contract to import 1,000 barrels of petroleum with payment to be made in USD on July 1, 2008. The price of each barrel of petroleum has been fixed at USD 100/barrel .The prevailing exchange rate of 1U SD = INR 39.41 .So, the cost of one barrel of petroleum in INR works out to be Rs. 3941.The USD is expected to appreciate and the company decides to do nothing about it. If on July 1, 2008 the exchange rate becomes 1USD=INR 43.23 then the company will have to pay Rs.4323 for one barrel of petroleum. Hedged: Consider that the company had purchased a USD/INR futures contract when the USD was expected to appreciate. This would have protected the company because strengthening of USD would lead to profit in the long futures position, which would counter the loss in the physical market. TESTING HEDGE EFFECTIVENESS A hedge is said to be effective if the derivative contract matches with the risk being hedged i.e. all critical terms of the derivative correspond to the critical terms of the risk. It is very important to select the right hedge effectiveness methodology. If a wrong selection is made it could mislead the firm. Many accounting standards (IAS39, FAS133) exist for hedge accounting but they only specify general guidelines and are very flexible. There are 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness: Critical Term Match Method Dollar-Offset Method Regression Analysis Companies should assess both the past and future hedge effectiveness. This would make sure that loses/gains of a derivative will contribute to earnings at the same time as the loses/gains associated with the hedged item. The Critical Term Match Method According to Critical Term Match Method a hedge is considered perfect if critical parameters in of hedged item and derivative contract match. For example, an interest rate swap is considered a perfect hedge if the parameters like Notional amounts, Terms, Payment and fixing dates, Amortisation schedules, Reference rates, Day conventions in both loan (hedged instrument) and swap (hedge) are identical. The limitation is that these terms do not often match. Thus, other methods must be applied. Dollar-Offset Method It is the easiest way to assess hedge effectiveness .In this method, the change in the value of the derivative is compared to the change in the value of the hedged item. If the ratio takes a value within a range of 80-120 percent the derivative is said to be highly effective. The disadvantage of this method is that it is often difficult to achieve high effectiveness consistently, from period to period. Regression analysis Regression analysis is a statistical technique that shows relationship between two or more variables. A derivative is said to be highly effective if the price (or interest rate or currency exchange rate) associated with the hedged item has a close relationship to the price associated with the hedging derivative. Simple regression explains the relationship between two variables and the correlation coefficient which quantifies the closeness of the relationship. Correlation coefficients may range in value from -1.0 to +1.0. A clear definition of hedging objectives is given i.e. defining the underlying hedged item and then the risk to be hedged. The definition of risk must include: Performance metric: like cash flow Risk class: like interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, etc Amount of the underlying being hedged Desired risk characteristics: Step 2 In this step the hedging instrument and the hedge ratio are defined. The hedge ratio determines how many units of the hedging instrument are used to hedge one unit of the underlying. Ideally, one should select the optimal hedge ratio, corresponding to the maximal reduction in risk. Step 3 The objective is to select the method for evaluating hedge effectiveness. The choice of method comprises 7 dimensions: Reference exposure: Should the hedging instrument be compared to the underlying hedged item or to the Ideal hedge item. Fair value approach: how should changes in fair value be evaluated? Historical data to be used Method of applying historical data Maturity treatment Basis for comparison Type of effectiveness test Step 4 This is the implementation step in which actual evaluation of the effectiveness test is done to perform. Step 5 This is the interpretation step. The effectiveness results are interpreted in the context of the hedging objectives. CONCLUSION In the currency market a trade between two parties in currency pair is done. There can be many reasons for an investor to trade. He might invest to avoid exposure to risk (hedge), to make profits based on his prediction (speculation) or to make risk-less profits (arbitrage).The four instruments available for hedging are forwards, future, option and swap. It is very important for a firm to test the effectiveness of the hedging instrument in order to make the right choice. The 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness are Critical Term Match Method, Dollar-Offset Method and Regression Analysis. REFERENCES NCFM Currency derivatives. HEATâ„ ¢: A framework for evaluating hedge effectiveness.

Internet Harassment The Flip Side of Internet Fame

In the article The Flip Side of Internet Fame by Jessica Bennett, Internet harassment is thoroughly made aware to inform active social network users of its solemnity. Real life scenarios of people who suffered from public humiliation or social desecration are presented. Bennett makes her argument conclusive by addressing her audiences pathos and ethos appeal, sourcing credible individuals throughout the article and stressing the agony and ignominy that the listed individuals perceived. Furthermore, the author demonstrates how critical it is to be conscious about the possibility of not recovering from a fatal encounter on a social network and also raises the question: â€Å"Whats to stop a person from posting whatever he wants about you, if he†¦show more content†¦Adding on, a student from Lewis and Clark University was even labeled as a rapist after another individual publicly accused him of sexually assaulting another student. This allegation of the victim led to the destr uction of his stable reputation. Today, in a Google search, anyone can input his name â€Å"and the first entry has the word â€Å"rapist†Ã¢â‚¬ (115). The reader is somewhat forced to posses some scent of solicitude when realizing the embarrassment these individuals ached upon. Bennetts firm desire to inform her audience of such petrifying yet valid truths of public shaming, urges the reader to question whether or not Internet fame is a burden. Along with her informing situations, Bennett overawes her audience by encrypting her article with credible individuals making it obliging to appeal to the readers ethos appeal. Introduced in the article, Jim Cohen is an ethicist from Fordham University School of Law in New York. One logical point he makes is that the â€Å"anonymity of the Net encourages people to say things they normally wouldnt† (114). In other words, when people are sitting behind their computers at home by themselves, they are callous and feel as though they are protected from any wrong-doing they may pursue while online. Cohen acknowledges a site called â€Å"JuicyCampus†(114), which consist of numerous and vicious rumors that are posted anonymously and that anyone who hasShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSan Jose, CA. The A’s need the new stadium to turn around lagging attendance, which has been at or near the bottom among major league baseball clubs. —BBoA , 2009 COMPANY: NINTENDO Project: Next Generation Nintendo Wii Game Console According to Internet rumors, the new console will be based on entirely new hardware that will pump out HD visuals, contain expanded storage, and run using digitally distributed content rather than physical discs. The new console will expand the capability of Wii’s revolutionary

Biography of Thomas Cole, American Landscape Painter

Thomas Cole was the British-born artist who became known for his paintings of American landscapes. He is considered the founder of the Hudson River School of painting, and his influence on other 19th century American painters was profound. Cole’s paintings, and paintings by those he taught, are known to have influenced attitudes toward American expansionism during the 19th century. The glorification of the land and the panoramic views encouraged optimism toward settling the vast lands of the West. Cole, however, had a pessimistic streak which is sometimes indicated in his paintings. Fast Facts: Thomas Cole Known For: Founder of Hudson River School of painters, admired for his majestic landscapes of distinctly American sceneryMovement: Hudson River School (American romantic landscape painting)Born: Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster, England, 1801Died: February 11, 1848 in Catskill, New YorkParents: Mary and James ColeSpouse: Maria Bartow Early Life and Career Thomas Cole was born in Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster, England, in 1801. He studied engraving briefly in England before emigrating to America with his family in 1818. The family arrived in Philadelphia and resettled in Steubenville, Ohio, where Coles father established a wallpaper engraving business. After becoming frustrated working in the family business, Cole taught art in a school for a brief period. He also received some painting instruction from a traveling artist, and tried striking out on his own as an itinerant portrait painter. Portrait of Thomas Cole, American painter. Smithsonian Institution / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Cole realized he needed to be in a city with many potential patrons, and returned to Philadelphia, where he painted portraits and also found work decorating ceramics. He took classes at the Philadelphia Academy and, in 1824, had his first exhibition, which was held at the school. In 1825 Cole moved to New York City, where he began to focus on romantic landscapes, the beautifully lit panoramas that would become his enduring style. After taking a trip up the Hudson River, he painted three landscapes, which were displayed in the window of a Manhattan art store. One of the paintings was purchased by artist John Trumbull, who was widely known for his paintings of the American Revolution. Trumbull recommended that two of his artist friends, William Dunlap and Asher B. Durand, purchase the other two. Trumbull appreciated that Cole had been inspired by the wildness of American scenery, which other artists had seemed to ignore. On Trumbulls recommendation, Cole was welcomed into New York Citys cultural world, where he became acquainted with luminaries such as poet and editor William Cullen Bryant and author James Fenimore Cooper. Travels and Inspiration The success of Cole’s early landscapes established him so he could devote himself to painting full-time. He began to travel in the mountains of New York State and New England after purchasing a house in Catskill, New York. Photograph of Catskill Mountain House, a painting by American landscape artist Thomas Cole. Francis G. Mayer  / Getty Images In 1829 Cole sailed to England on a trip financed by a wealthy patron. He made what was known as the Grand Tour, visiting Paris, and then Italy. He stayed for weeks in Florence before going on to Rome, hiking much of the way. He eventually returned to New York City in 1832, having seen major works of art in Europe and having sketched scenery that would be used as material for landscapes. In 1836 Cole married Maria Barton, whose family lived in Catskill. He settled into a fairly comfortable life as a successful artist. The self-made gentry of the region admired his work and purchased his paintings. Major Works A patron commissioned Cole to paint five panels which would be known as The Course of Empires. The series of canvases essentially predicted what would become known as Manifest Destiny. The images depict an allegorical empire, and proceed from Savage State to Arcadian or Pastoral State. The empire reaches its zenith with the third painting, The Consummation of Empire, and then descends to the fourth painting, Destruction. The series ends with the fifth painting, titled Desolation. Thomas Coles The Course of Empire - Consummation, 1836, oil on canvas, 51 Ãâ€" 76 in, New York Historical Society.   Fine Art / Getty Images During the 1830s, as Cole was painting his Course of Empires series, he was harboring gravely pessimistic thoughts about America, lamenting in his journal that he feared the end of democracy. One of his major paintings, dating from 1836, is titled View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm — The Oxbow. In the painting, a pastoral area is shown along with a portion of untamed wilderness. On close examination, the artist himself can be found in the middle foreground, on a promontory, painting the Oxbow, a bend in the river. In his own painting, Cole looks out over the tamed and orderly land, yet he is located in the wild land which is still darkened from the passing storm. He shows himself in communion with untamed American land, perhaps purposely keeping a distance from the land which has been transformed by human society. View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, After a Thunderstorm -- The Oxbow.   Getty Images Legacy Interpretations of Coles work have varied over time. On the surface, his works are generally appreciated for their majestic scenes and striking use of light. Yet there are often darker elements present, and many paintings have dark areas which seem to raise questions about the artists intent. Coles paintings show a profound reverence for nature, which can appear idyllic or wild and violent within the boundaries of the same canvas. While still a very active artist, Cole became ill with pleurisy. He died on February 11, 1848. His influence on other American painters was profound. Sources Thomas Cole. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 151-152. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Hudson River School of Painting. American Eras, vol. 5: The Reform Era and Eastern U. S. Development, 1815-1850, Gale, 1997, pp. 38-40. Gale Virtual Reference Library.The Hudson River School and Western Expansion. American Eras, vol. 6: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860, Gale, 1997, pp. 53-54. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Review Jester Jackpots General Information Essay

Review 8 - Jester Jackpots Review Jester Jackpots General Information Introduced to the public by 888 Group, the name that brought you numerous other popular online gambling sites, Jester Jackpots is one of 2016’s newer casino online offerings. On seeing the big name behind this online casino, players are amped up for big rewards - with good reason of course. Jester Jackpots promises a truly vibrant and fun casino experience with amazing promotions and an incredible game selection, so players definitely won’t be let down with this one. After reading the aforementioned, you can see that the hype surrounding Jester Jackpots is nothing short of huge, but much like other online casino fans we have heard it all before. We could certainly forgive players for taking the press releases surrounding Jester Jackpots with a pinch of salt. Question is, does Jester Jackpots have what it takes to prove the doubters wrong? Can it really go on to become an online brand for the years? Jester Jackpots Lobby and Design On arriving at Jester Jackpots, the attractive design of the site appeals immediately to your visual senses. The colour scheme of the site ties in beautifully with its theme, and an array of fun graphics are at play. Shades of yellow and teal are first noticed in the navigation bar found at the top of your screen. Here, buttons for ‘Login’ and ‘Registration’ are found to the right, with the logo of Jester Jackpots to the far left. The logo combines simplicity and

Migration Of People From Rural Essay - 852 Words

Migration is the movement of individuals from one place to another, which could be internationally and domestically. In this essay I will examine the patterns formed through internal migration of people from rural to urban places, which is considered to be the most significant form of migration. Migration of people is considered to be a choice or force of movement. This movement has many consequences at a level of the individual and the country as a while itself. (National Geographic Xpeditions, 2005) Populations in cities continue to grow through the migration of people from diverse locations. It has become more evident that urban places are more desirable compared to rural places as they are more accessible and provide features, which are preferred by most. A rural area is considered to be a geographic region where landscapes are considered to be open and population density is very low. An urban area is a geographic region where the location of everything is concentrated, population density is substantial and accessibility is maximised. (Morrison, 2015) Individual consequences. Originally the main cause, which led to urbanization and inter migration to cities, was the industrial revolution. People who live in rural areas often lack resources and are often pulled towards an urban place. Today this is mostly encouraged through social media, where people are believed they can live a richer life. There are many consequences that have impacted individuals socially,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Rural-Urban Migration in South Africa Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pageseffect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa using Manova technique. INTRODUCTION This proposal is about the effect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa. It entails the background of rural-urban migration as well as the statement of the problem, main objectives, other specific objectives, rationale, hypotheses, identification of variables, the theories of other people concerning the rural-urban migrationRead MoreMajor Causes Of Migration From Hills1411 Words   |  6 PagesMajor Causes of Migration from Hills to Plain: A Case Study of Almora District, Kumaun Himalaya 1Ashaq Hussain Khan, 2 Dhani Arya, 3 Ravindra Kumar 1, 3 Research scholar, Department of Botany Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora-263601, Uttarakhand, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora-263601, Uttarakhand, India Contact number: 9997437513 E-mail:Read MoreMigration Within a Countrys Borders Have Greater Negative Impacts at Their Origin Than Their Destination1338 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Migration within a country’s borders have greater negative impacts at their origin than their destination†. Discuss the statement [15 marks] Introduction * Definition of migration and internal migration * Reasons why people move (Push/Pull Factors) * Explain Lee’s migration model * Types of Internal Migration (Inter-urban, Intra-urban, counter urbanisation, urbanisation) Body * Social. Economic. Environmental. Political. (S.E.E.P.) impacts * Case Study (Statistics) Read MoreThe Education System Of Education1733 Words   |  7 Pagesschools available in the urban areas are privately owned. ïÆ'Ëœ The rural areas are characterised by low level income, unemployment and underemployment, this eventually leads to resulting poverty for most individuals in the rural sector. These consequently leads to rural-urban drift with increasing infrastructural facilities. These urban migration also leads to shortage of skilled and unskilled labour in the rural-urban areas. Rural employees always seek better jobs in the urban areas. (Bolakale SRead MoreRural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween urbanization, poverty and development; and use a case study to illustrate the effects of rapid urbanization in LDC’s. Rural-urban migration occurs at varying rates in every country. This paper focuses on the process of rural-urban migration and its influence on urbanization in developing countries. It presents arguments in support of the proposal that rural-urban migration is an inevitable component of the development process, and does not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts with theRead MoreImpact Of Migrations Of Pastoral Peoples On The Middle Ages1332 Words   |  6 PagesPaper 2: Migrations and Pasturalists Analyze the impact that migrations of pastoral peoples had on the development of civilization from the Second Wave civilizations to those of the Middle Ages. It is called migration all population displacements that occurs from a place of origin to another destination and brings a change of habitual residence in the case of people .The history refers to the great cultural movements, economic geographical and political that led to massive displacements of theRead MoreBangladesh Is On The Right Track1233 Words   |  5 Pagesefficient government programs, assistance from NGOs, and the positive impact of migration. Understanding the factors that causes Bangladesh to be a poor country is vital. The main cause is overpopulation. Bangladesh is considered a small country when compared to it s population of more than 150 million people. Therefore, the resources cannot be distributed equally. Bangladesh is also a country that is prone to natural disasters such as floods. Many of the rural poor live in areas that are exposed toRead MoreChinese Economic Reform Research Paper1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthat has driven the nation to such prosperous heights and the drawbacks of the reforms especially the problems with economic inequality and migration. Twentieth Century China was dominated by revolutionary movements led by the revered Mao Zedong and members of the Chinese Communist Party. Mao’s leadership of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from 1949-1976 relied on the Soviet orthodox interpretation of Marxist principles (Chen, 2002). Thus, the state controlled the means of productionRead MoreThe Issue Of Mass Movement1439 Words   |  6 PagesMany people are unaware of the migration trend happening in Tennessee in which more and more people are leaving smaller, rural communities, and seeking to live in a larger, urban city. Even fewer individuals are aware of the harmful effects this has brought upon rural areas along with the effects that will continue to happen. The purpose of this recommendation memo is to educate more members of society on the problems this mass movement will cause, and show the research that has gone into thisRead MoreLast Grave Of Dimbaza Analysis1326 Words   |  6 Pag esalong the bases of migration, exploring the film â€Å"Last Grave of Dimbaza,† which occurs during the Apartheid era and comparing it to the book â€Å"Living, Loving, and Lying awake at Night by Sindiwe Magona,† which explores the idea of forced migration from the womans point of view. Both the film and the book exhibit the differences amongst the Whites and Blacks within South Africa. In compare and contrast, the film establishes a ground of separating the urban life in comparison to the rural life within South

Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne Free Essays

The poem â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† by John Donne is a prayer to God from the poet. Donne is a struggling sinner, and the poem is his desperate cry for help. He wants God to be in his life, no matter how difficult and painful it is, and desires to be everything God wants him to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poem gives a sense of Donne’s complex relationship with God. It is apparent that he is in the midst of a struggle with good and evil, and begins with a plea to God to enter his heart by any means necessary and rid him of the evil that has taken over. Donne uses graphic and violent imagery throughout the poem as a way of showing his utter desperation. This imagery is used in an exaggerated way to convey Donne’s strong desire for God, as well as implying that there is something else that is hindering his ability to allow God in himself. In using the metaphor â€Å"batter my heart† in the first line, Donne is implying that he wants God to use his power like a battering ram to enter his heart. This gives a strong indication that there is some unknown force – be it sin, evil, or the devil – preventing Donne himself from allowing God to enter. He refers to God as the â€Å"three-personed God,† alluding to the Bible’s teaching of God as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Donne’s complaint is that God is not being aggressive enough in how he is dealing with him; the Father knocks, the Holy Spirit breathes, and the Son shines his light upon him, but Donne wants him to use his power more aggressively to â€Å"mend† him, help him become â€Å"new,† and force the evils out of him. The progression to violent imagery shows Donne’s desperation; he no longer wants God â€Å"knock,† but is asking him to â€Å"break† the door down, not simply â€Å"breathe† but to â€Å"blow,† and not â€Å"shine,† but to â€Å"burn. The use of alliteration with the words â€Å"break,† â€Å"breathe† and â€Å"blow† help in drawing attention to their severity, and emphasizing the extent of Donne’s desperation. He believes that in using these destructive actions, God will free him from his weaknesses and make him new again. In the second quatrain, it becomes clear that the first four lines are meant to be taken metaphorically, rather than literally. Donne likens his heart to a city that has been overtaken, and he wants God to be aggressive in taking it back. This expands upon the indication of the unknown force; Donne’s heart is the city that has been taken captive, and God is the savior that he wants to break down the gate and take it back by force. It becomes obvious in this quatrain that the previously unknown force holding Donne back is his sense reason and rationality. He shows that even his mind has failed him in his attempts to be close with God. Donne’s reason is what should be fighting for him in his battle and defending him, but instead is captured, shows weakness, and even lies to him. He suggests that although he believes God is the rightful ruler of his heart, his rationality has been impaired such that he cannot defend Him and let Him in. The sestet begins with further reinforcement of the notion that Donne wants God back in his life, no matter how difficult it may be. He begins by stating that even though his spiritual life is currently in a state of struggle, he still has a deep affection of God and wants to love and be loved by Him. His state of desperation is the result of this struggle. Donne quickly returns to the shocking imagery that has been prevalent throughout, claiming he is â€Å"betrothed† to the enemy. This claim of engagement to the devil is a paradox; he is not actually going to marry the devil, but at the time feels unwillingly more connected to God’s enemies and their ways than to God and God’s ways. He asks God to â€Å"divorce† him, to â€Å"untie or break† the engagement he has with the devil. At the end of the prayer, Donne uses two more paradoxes to explain how deep of a connection he wants to feel with God. He begs for God to imprison him to set him free and his feels as though God’s prison is the only way in which he can be truly free of his weaknesses, and pure of evils. He also begs to be ravished and filled with delight so that he may become pure, which carries some sexual imagery. As with the metaphor in the first quatrain, this is not a literal request; he simply wants to be convinced of the power of God, so that he can have a close and loving relationship with Him. These contradictions show a deeply emotional affection towards God, and when taken figuratively are very effective in conveying his message of desperation. Although â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† is filled with graphic and violent imagery, John Donne is not attempting to be crude or inappropriate. Donne is simply explaining his own tremulous relation with God, and uses the violent imagery as a means to show how desperate he has become in his mission to bring God back into his life. If he allows God to do whatever it takes, even if it means pain and the loss of his very freedom, he knows God can bring him into a close, loving relationship with Him and make him into the person he thinks God wants him to be. So he can pray, â€Å"Batter my heart,† â€Å"break, blow, burn,† â€Å"imprison me,† â€Å"enthrall† and â€Å"ravish† me, for he believes his God is a loving, pure, kind, and just â€Å"three-person’d God† and he trusts Him with his very heart, soul, and life. How to cite Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne, Essay examples

Hollywood The Chinese Theatre and The Walk of Fame Essay Example For Students

Hollywood The Chinese Theatre and The Walk of Fame Essay Hollywood is not a city but a district of northwest Los Angeles. Hollywood was once a city but the lack of a successful water supply and independant sewage system led to its merger with Los Angeles in 1910. In that same year, D. W. Griffith a director of films, came to the west coast and shot the first film in California called In Old California. He later went back to New York and told everyone of that lovely place. It was during the First World War that Hollywood became the entertainment capital of the world, all other countries were experiencing the war in the own yards while the U. S. was untouched by it. After the war, everyone around the world knew about Hollywood and people would travel from all over to be part of that magic. Hollywood is known for their films and the district uses that to its advantage. There are landmarks all over Hollywood that can be recognized by almost anyone. The Hollywood Walk of Fame, The Chinese Theater, and of course the most famous the Hollywood sign. These structures represent Hollywood and its famous culture. The have influenced Hollywood and they continue to bring people all over the world to Hollywood. These structures are the outcome of the culture of the film industry in Hollywood, and it is also a mask to the people who come here to be famous. Hollywood makes it seem that everyone can be famous and achieve stardom and that is not true. Thousands of people come here thinking that, only to realize that it is very difficult to happen. What Hollywood culture does it inspires aspiring actor and film makers to come make their dream come true. Hollywood has been in existence for many years and continues to grow culturally and population wise. 1. Hollywoodland, 1923 The Hollywood sign was built in 1923 and it originally said Hollywoodland it was built as a giant advertisement for the housing development under the mountain. In the photo above is the original lettering of Hollywoodland (Figure 1), the H would letter be replaced because of an accident. Each letter is 30 feet wide and 50 feet tall. Below the Hollywood sign there were searchlights to attract and each letter had its own lights as well. The sign was only supposed to last only 1 year and a half. Then later the Film industry used the sign and was famous internationally. It wasnt till 1949 that the land in Hollywoodland would be removed so that it meant the district not the real estate development. The Hollywood sign would later begin to collapse around 1978 spelling out Hollyweed. Stars would donate around 27 thousand dollars per letter to restore them to their original glory. That is the sign we see now today. On February 7th 1973 the sign was added to the Los Angeles Historic Cultural monument. 2. Hollywood 1978 The Hollywood sign is one of the most recognized signs in the world. It was built during the film industrys migration from the east to the west. The year 1923 was booming with many films most studios moved from New York to Hollywood because of Edisons wrath in New York. The culture was beginning for Hollywood people were beginning to notice that the central hub of the movie industry was in Hollywood. Immigrants looking to be famous, citizens looking for fame all came to Hollywood and were greeted with the sign. Once the sign was due to be removed it was never let down it had become part of the city. During 1927 and 1963 these were the years of the Hollywood Golden Age. As Hollywood started to collapse in the 1970s many things started to change. Studios were challenged financially and audience were getting tired of the same films being made. The state of Hollywood was seen through its sign. Falling apart and being neglected. The system that Hollywood had in the 1930s had all but collapsed. 3. Graumans Chinese Theater, 1973 Graumans Chinese Theatre was built January 16th 1926, and had its first premiere in May 18th 1927. The first film to premiere was Cecil DeMilles The King of Kings. Thousands came to see the celebrities and the Chinese theatre then open to the public the day after. Since that premiere at the Chinese theater, it has hosted hundreds of movie premiers. Sid Grauman decided to build the Chinese theater after his great success with his Egyptian theater. It was Graumans idea to create concrete forecourt that later would be the famous footprint forecourt. It was said that the footprints in the concrete was an accident but Grauman kept the idea. Today you can go to the Chinese theater and see footprints of your favorite celebrities. The film jaws EssayActors were no longer employed by the studios and now had to audition to be in movie from the studios. This was during the time when the Hollywood sign in figure 2 started to collapse. No longer paid a weekly-based salary but an amount to be in the film. Some stars struggled with the system and just retired. This led the way for new actors and directors to have a chance to work in the new Hollywood system. The new system gave new opportunities but people were still coming to California and not finding work. In this era, it wasnt just about coming to Hollywood to find a job. You needed to know someone who worked in the business. 65 percent of people who received jobs in the movie industry in the 1970s was through connections. Steven Spielberg was a person who got a job working with a friend as an assistant director and eventually he worked his way up. Only 10 percent of people who came to Hollywood to get a job in the industry actually got it the rest either went back home or got a job somewhere else. Another 10 percent went to go be part of the adult industry either making it there or eventually giving up. The adult industry eventually began to receive strict rules and was no longer shown in theaters the same way as films. In the 1990s Hollywood was starting a new turn with technology. By the 1990s, Chinese theater was being visited by more than a million people a year. Today the theater still has premieres and hundreds of people still go to see the stars that attend them. The Hollywood sign is the most recognizable landmark in the world and to this stay still greets everyone. Hollywood studios no longer fill Hollywood in fact the only studio to still be in Hollywood is Paramount. All the other have moved around the areas but not far from Hollywood. The Hollywood walk of fame was restored in 2008 replacing the broken stars with new ones. As of 2008 there are 2,365 stars on the walk of fame and that number continues to grow. Hollywood at its height was a dream but during the 70s and 80s it achieved its worst state. That was when Hollywood fate was uncertain, and people didnt want to invest in a future that was uncertain. The buildings deteriorated and were facing many problems. It wasnt till the 90s that when Hollywood saw a future in CGI and Digital Production that Hollywood then began to embrace the future. By 2010 all most all-historic building in Hollywood would be restored. 6. Todays Walk of Fame Hollywood is still a dream for people. A survey stated that people still dream of becoming movie stars. It has been a rough ride for Hollywood with the emergence of internet and home video Hollywood is finding it difficult to attract the same amount of people it once did in the 1920s. Hollywood for its culture and history is one of the most visited places on earth. People come all over the world to see were there famous stars have laid to rest or were they stepped in cement. There homes are shown in tours and there is no way of ignoring the presence of that Hollywood sign up on that hill. Figure 6 shows the walk of fame today. F But where ever you walk in Hollywood boulevard just look down and see the culture of Hollywood on your feet and in that star with a celebrity that changed the world in the past or in the present, but see a blank star and you can see a celebrity that is going to change the future. Bibliography: 1. Custen, George F. Hollywood History and the Production of Culture. Journal of Communication, 36.2 (1986): 123-133. 2. Jones, Janna. Channeling Hollywood. Journal of Popular Film Television, 31.3 (2003): 109-108. 3. Nardi, Peter m. The Reality of Illusion: The Magic Castle in Hollywood. Contexts, 5.1 (2006): 66-69. 4. Raesch, Monika. Alison Trope, Stardust Monuments: The Saving and Selling of Hollywood. International Journal of Communication (Online), (2012): 1894-1897. 5. McKenna, Denise. The Photoplay or the Pickaxe: Extras, Gender, and Labour in Early Hollywood. Film History: An International Journal, 23.1 (2011): 5-19. 6. Ruscha, Edward. Then Now : Hollywood Boulevard 1973-2004. GoÃÅ'ˆttingen: Steidl, 2005. 7. Jaffe, Matthew. Hollywood Palaces. Sunset, 188.2 (1992): 76.

Math in your feet! Essays - Geometry, Elementary Geometry

Math in your feet?! 3984625571500 When most people think of geometry , they think of triangle s, circles, or other flat shapes . But after spending just a little time in a Math in Your Feet workshop , they may very well start picturing geometry as the angle of a step, the arc of a leap, or t he symmetry of arms spread wide . They can also create patterns with their movements loud ones, if tap shoes are involved. But could tying math to something more dynamic and three-dimensional, like dance , help contextualize it within that bigger picture? Rosenfeld decided to find out. Since she didn't have the background to develop a curriculum on her own, she turned to an educator named Jane Cooney, a mathematics coach in Indianapolis. After working with Cooney for about nine months, Rosenfeld developed an initial version of Math in Your Feet . The program has since integrated a range of math concepts. It is also aligned with the Common Core standards for math . The program is geared toward elementary school students, and it teaches everything from fractions (by learning the difference between a quarter- and a half-turn), congruence (by dancing in unison) and reflection symmetry (by taking opposite but equal steps).

A Sample of College Admission Essay Can Help You With Your Admission Essay

A Sample of College Admission Essay Can Help You With Your Admission EssayA sample of college admission essay can be the key to landing that scholarship you're after. It is also the foundation for one's academic future. This will be a wonderful tool to help you with your college applications.All it takes is the guidance and practice of an admissions officer, or a friend who has successfully done the same, who can really help you with a sample of college admission essay. Even though it may seem like the writing process is very time consuming, it is really a step by step process which will get you into a top ranked school.To begin your college admission essay, all you have to do is to set aside some time in your schedule to think over the things you want to include in your essay. Do not be disheartened by the process as it is a relatively simple and easy one. Just know that there are countless details that can be embellished into the essay. However, do be sure that you make good use of the information you have so that it suits your personality and reflects you well.Make sure you choose a topic that you truly love and is related to your purpose in college and life in general. You can definitely come up with a topic that is based on your passions. College admission essays are the best way to show your personality to the world.After you've written your college admission essay, it is now time to craft a good outline for it. An outline can be the starting point for your essay. You should include the exact topic of your essay, what you are going to say, how you are going to write it, and how many pages it will be.You need to start by breaking down your college admission essay to the most important parts. Take your time with this. Take your time writing a concise piece of work to impress the admissions officer and keep it short and sweet.When you have written your college admission essay, then it is time to choose what to include in it. You can leave out some things to focus on other areas. The more personal your essay is, the better.As you finish writing your college admission essay, make sure that you explain the benefits that you have to offer the college you are applying to. Include some examples from the subjects you are studying so that you can prove your abilities. You will find your college admission essay not only useful but very exciting too.

FDP Consumer Behavior and International marketing †Marketing Research Paper

FDP Consumer Behavior and International marketing – Marketing Research Paper Free Online Research Papers FDP Consumer Behavior and International marketing Marketing Research Paper (400 Level Course) Louis Vuitton is an excellent example of having brand loyalty in a global market. Louis Vuitton is a staple product for those that can afford it. It became a staple product because of its customer service and product guarantee. A Louis Vuitton bag is supposed to last longer than the owner’s life time. When a Louis Vuitton bag becomes damaged it is replaced or fixed for free without questions or hassles. I have been intrigued by the buying of fake Louis Vuitton items and other designer items on this voyage. I have been following the consumer loyalty to fake Louis Vuitton items and other designer products throughout our voyage. In Japan there were no fake purses, shoes, wallets, or sunglasses to be found. There were large extensive markets and malls but there were no booths with racks of fake purses, shoes, watches, wallets, or sunglasses. In our port of call, Kobe, there were large Louis Vuitton, Channel, and Gucci stores but the prices were double those of the stores in the United States and Europe because of the tax on imported goods. I was very surprised by the lack of fake merchandise in Japan’s markets. The lack of fake merchandise made it seem as if the Japanese were above buying into the market of contraband. They only had real items; it seemed to be decision based on economic and prestige-driven cultural values. In Japan if you can afford to buy a designer bag then you do it. The Japenese do not buy fake merchandise. I did not observe any Japanese with fake Louis Vuitton items. I did not observe any students with new Louis Vuitton bags after Japan. I wondered if the price was a det errent or the lack of fake items was the reason. My observations lead me to believe it was the lack of fake items was the reason they were not purchased. In International Marketing, we discussed how the Chinese were great copiers of business and would copy your business down to the last detail and open up a shop right next to yours. Well, the Chinese are not just great copiers they are the best copiers of fake designer merchandise. I followed my Louis Vuitton habit through the markets in Shanghai and in Bejing. Wow! The craftsmanship was amazing. I found fake Louis Vuitton’s, Prada, Gucci, Channel, and others that were identical to the real ones. The only difference was the fact that they did not have serial numbers in them. They had the correct color scheme, logo, stitching, weight, texture, zippers, and clasps. I also found many bad copies. Yet, I have not found a large loyal customer following to real Louis Vuitton items on the ship. After China, I saw many people on the ship with new Louis Vuitton bags that were obviously not real. The LV logos were put on seams, the colors were off, zippers were not Louis Zippers, had different flowers, were not made of real leather and displayed other small details that prove purses to be fake. I started to wonder if these fake purses were hurtful to Loui s Vuitton or brand recognition for consumers. I decided no. I do not think that Louis Vuitton is suffering economically from the fake purses or worried about their existence in the market. The average Louis Vuitton purse cost above seven hundred dollars ($700). The average fake on the market was ($40) forty dollars and a very good fake was more than a hundred dollars ($100). A consumer who is willing to pay forty ($40) dollars for a fake purse is not the consumer Louis Vuitton is targeting in its market segments. Research Papers on FDP Consumer Behavior and International marketing - Marketing Research PaperDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

The History of Video Recorders and Television

The History of Video Recorders and Television Charles Ginsburg led the research team at Ampex Corporation in developing one of the first practical videotape recorders or VTRs in 1951. It captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information on magnetic tape. By 1956, VTR technology was perfected and in common use by the television industry. But Ginsburg wasn’t done yet. He led the Ampex research team in developing a new machine that could run the tape at a much slower rate because the recording heads rotated at high speed. This allowed the necessary high-frequency response. He became known as the father of the video cassette recorder.†Ã‚  Ampex sold the first VTR for $50,000 in 1956, and the first VCassetteRs or VCRs were sold by Sony in 1971. The Early Days of Video Recording Film was initially the only medium available for recording television programs magnetic tape was considered, and it was already being used for sound, but the greater quantity of information carried by the television signal demanded new studies. A number of American companies began investigating this problem during the 1950s.   Tape Recording Technology Audio and video magnetic recording have had a greater impact on broadcasting than any other development since the invention of radio/TV transmission itself. Videotape in a large cassette format was  introduced by both JVC and Panasonic around 1976. This was the most popular format for home use and for video store rentals for many years until it was replaced by CDs and DVDs. VHS stands for Video Home System. The First Television Cameras American engineer, scientist and inventor Philo Taylor Farnsworth devised the television camera in the 1920s, although he would later declare that theres nothing on it worthwhile. It was an â€Å"image dissector† that converted a captured imagine into an electrical signal. Farnsworth was born in 1906 on Indian Creek in Beaver County, Utah.  His parents expected him to become a concert violinist but his interests drew him to experiments with electricity. He built an electric motor and produced the first electric washing machine his family ever owned at the age of 12. He then went on to attend Brigham Young University where he researched television picture transmission. Farnsworth had already conceived of his idea for television while in high school, and he cofounded Crocker Research Laboratories in 1926 which he later renamed Farnsworth Television, Inc. He then changed the name again to Farnsworth Radio and Television Corporation in 1938. Farnsworth was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines in 1927. He was only 21 years old. The image was a dollar sign. One of the keys to his success was the development of the  dissector tube that essentially translated images into electrons that could be transmitted to a TV. He filed for his first television patent in 1927. He had already won an earlier patent for his image dissection tube, but he lost later patent battles to RCA, which owned the rights to many of inventor  Vladimir Zworkyin’s  TV patents. Farnsworth went on to invent over 165 different devices. He held over 300 patents by the end of his career, including a number of significant television patents although he was not a fan of what his discoveries had wrought. His final years were spent battling depression and alcohol. He died on March 11, 1971, in Salt Lake City, Utah. Digital Photography and Video Stills Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that once recorded  television  images. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD or charged coupled device to sense light color and intensity. A still video or digital camera called the Sony Mavica single-lens reflex was first demonstrated in 1981. It used a fast-rotating magnetic disc that was two inches in diameter and could record up to 50 images formed in a solid-state device inside the camera. The images were played back through a television receiver or monitor, or they could be printed out. Advancements in Digital Technology   NASA converted from using analog to digital signals with their space probes to map the surface of the moon in the 1960s, sending digital images back to earth. Computer technology was also advancing at this time and NASA used computers to enhance the images that the space probes were sending.  Digital imaging had another government use at the time – in spy satellites. Government use of digital technology helped advance the science of digital imaging, and the private sector also made significant contributions. Texas Instruments patented a filmless electronic camera in 1972, the first to do so. Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera in August 1981, the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and placed into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. The early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera, however, even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. The First Digital Cameras   Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors that convert  light to digital pictures for professional and home consumer use. Kodak scientists invented the worlds first megapixel sensor in 1986, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5 x 7-inch digital photo-quality print. Kodak released seven products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic still video images in 1987, and in 1990, the company developed the Photo CD system and proposed the first worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers and computer peripherals. Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS), aimed at photojournalists in 1991, a Nikon F-3 camera equipped with a 1.3-megapixel sensor. The first digital cameras for the consumer  market that would work with a home computer via a serial cable were the Apple QuickTake camera in 1994, the Kodak DC40 camera in 1995, the Casio QV-11 also in 1995, and Sonys Cyber-Shot Digital Still Camera in 1996. Kodak entered into an aggressive co-marketing campaign to promote its DC40 and to help introduce the idea of digital photography to the public. Kinkos and Microsoft both collaborated with Kodak to create digital image-making software workstations and kiosks which allowed customers to produce photo CD discs and add digital images to documents. IBM collaborated with Kodak in making an Internet-based network image exchange. Hewlett-Packard was the first company to make color inkjet printers that complemented the new digital camera images. The marketing worked and now digital cameras are everywhere.

Secondary data exercise Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Secondary data exercise - Case Study Example In recent corporate history, if there is one company which had demonstrated exemplary leadership and admirable resilience, to pull back itself from an imminent collapse, it could be none other than Marks & Spencer, the Retail Stores legend of the UK. The main plank on which it staked its entire hope was its compelling and convincing advertisement strategy. When the decline was confirmed and could not be ignored any more, the company under the guidance of Sir Stuart Rose as its new chairman decided to take the bull by the horn. How it girdled up its loin and strained every nerve to successfully tide over crisis after crisis, is an interesting corporate story. 2. Analysis for the causes, and drafting the remedial measures: An objective analysis brought out the following serious anomalies staring at the face of M&S, (the later shorter logo version of Marks &Spencer): sales were steadily dwindling (the worst was during 2004-2006), customers were slowly moving away since their preferences and what M&S offered didn't match very often, customer service offered by M&S was below par and competitor pressure was mounting. Now the company had very little option. They had to undertake damage-control measures quickly to restore the sagging confidence of even their most loyal customers. Strategic planning and supportive ad campaign came to their rescue, and once they stabilised their standing, then there was no looking back at all. They concentrated more on Communication Strategy to woo the customers back to their showrooms. The advertisement campaigns occupied the prime spot in the marketing communication activities. 3. What is advertising and its significance: What it can do and what it cannot do : Advertising is the core element of any marketing communication which aims to connect the business with its customers. "Advertising can be defined as any paid form of non-personal presentation and communication through mass media. The main aim of advertising is to sell to a wide mix of consumers and also to induce repeat purchases". Again " the main objectives of advertising are creating awareness about a product or store, create a desire to want a product, to communicate the store's policy on various issues, to help in repositioning of the store in the mind of the consumer and to increase the sales of specific categories or to generate short term cash flow by way of a sale, bargain offers or clearance sales. Advertisement can also help in reinforcing the retailer's corporate identity."1 (Swapna Pradhan, 2007) This aspect of recreating the retailer's corporate identity and repositioning the store in th e minds of the consumers weighed heavily with M&S management who decided to launch a dynamic drive into the consumers private preferences in an effective manner. But they were also aware of the limitations of a mere advertisement campaign alone . Primarily communication is used to inform the customers about the retailer, the merchandise and the services. Beyond that it could achieve pretty little of any worth. "It is believed that every brand contact delivers an impression that can strengthen or weaken the consumer's view of the company."2 ( Philip Kotler). So they decided to adequately back it up with a lot of image booster as well as

Imperial Chemical Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Imperial Chemical Industries - Essay Example The technology could either be innovative products that satisfy customer needs and wants or technology that offers cost competitiveness (Annual Report and Accounts 2005, 149; Science & Technology, online). A few factors in the economical environment are influential on profitability, especially since ICI operates worldwide in over 50 countries. They include domestic and international recession, tariffs and trade barriers, exchange controls, fluctuations in national currencies, foreign exchange exposure, and cyclical fluctuations of the industries and economies in which its businesses operate (Annual Report and Accounts 2005, 149-150; Investor Relations: Financial Performance: Risk Management, online). There are many factors in the legal environment that are particularly influential on profitability. They arise from worldwide operation, exposure to consumer markets, rules governing fair competition and corporate governance, and contractual obligations. ICI worldwide operation requires compliance with a range of foreign laws, regulations and standards that are expensive. Moreover, the difficulty of enforcing legal claims and agreements through some foreign legal systems will also affect profitability. Lastly, unforeseen changes in local laws, regulations, and standards in developing countries could affect ICI's profitability (Annual Report and Accounts 2005, 150). ICI's exposure to consumer markets exposes it to legal risks, regulation and potential liabilities from product liability claims asserted by consumers, which could have an adverse effect on profitability. A significant proportion of ICI's products is sold directly or indirectly to end-user consumers, even if ICI does not itself provide these products directly to consumers. Specifically, the laws and regulations to which ICI are exposed are environmental, health, and safety. Environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations include those concerning pollution, the health and safety of employees, protection of the public, protection of the environment and the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials. These regulations and standards are becoming increasingly stringent. ICI is also subject to inspections and monitoring by the relevant enforcement authorities. ICI also requires relevant permits and a pprovals for its operations that require compliance with their terms and which may be subject to renewal, modification and, in some circumstances, revocation. Violations of applicable laws, regulations and standards, could result in losses in the form of damages, fines or other sanctions, increased costs of compliance as well as reputational damage (Annual Report and Accounts 2005, 151). With regard to environmental laws and regulations, ICI is subject to soil and groundwater remediation, that in the future may require it to take action to correct effects on the environment of prior disposal or release of chemical substances. With regard to safety and health laws and regulations, The Glidden Company (Glidden), a wholly owned subsidiary