Economics Terminology

Economics Terminology Economics Terminology Home›Economics Posts›Economics Terminology Economics PostsEvery economy goes through a business cycle (a graph that shows short-term ups and downs in the economy); it includes movement from a trough, through expansion, it gets to the peak (which is the highest point of the cycle), to recession, down into the trough again and the cycle continues.Recessions are periods during which the aggregate output declines and it qualifies as a recession if the economic downturn occurs in two consecutive quarters. If a recession is prolonged it is referred to as a depression, for example, one that was experienced in the U.S in 1930s. Economists tend to appreciate what is done by recession because, it tends to help the economy to shed unproductive resources paving way for recovery and future economic growth.The period from the bottom of a trough to the peak is a boom or expansion; this is the period that the economy is doing well as per output and employment. On the other hand, the period from the peak to a trough where the output and employment falls is a contraction, recession or slump.When the business cycle is experiencing an expansion it seems to encourage inflation; this is an increase in the overall price level, and the opposite is deflation, which is an overall decrease in prices. It is measured by looking at a large number of goods and services and calculating the average increase in prices. In most of the situations, where inflation occurs, it is accompanied by a fall in output or the economy is told to be experiencing both a contraction and inflation, which leads to a situation referred to as stagflation. Stagflation is possibly caused by an increase in costs of production, which in most cases leads to the low-output levels.

Todays financial environment - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Todays financial environment is highly risk prone. The volatility of economic variables such as interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices etc has increased because of the increased internationalization of businesses. In order to have a stable business a firm must identify and manage its risk carefully. Risk is defined as the doubtfulness of returns. Any firm faces two types of risks. Business risk Financial risk A business risk includes the risk of competition, risk of a new technology hampering the business of a firm and risk of failure of a strategic decision made by the management. It is the responsibility of the manager of the organisation to identify and prevent these risks from affecting the organisation. A financial risk includes the risk of non payment of loan given to a debtor or the risk that a purchased asset or security is not liquid. A financial institution takes the responsibility of the financial risk and lets a firm concentrate on the business risk. MANAGING RISK There are many financial instruments available in the market by which a firm can manage the financial risks. It depends on the firms management capabilities to choose the right combination of these instruments to protect itself from such risks. The most commonly tool by firms is the derivatives. There are basically 3 types of players in the market today that use derivatives. Hedgers: They want to reduce their financial risk and can tolerate some costs to prevent loss in case of unfavourable changes in the market situation. Speculators: They forecast the future movement of the markets and want to make profits using derivatives. Arbitrageurs: their aim is to make risk less profit by trading in two or more markets (or contracts) at the same time. Thus, derivatives help in transferring risk from hedgers to speculators or arbitrageurs. CURRENCY MARKETS The currency market is called foreign exchange market. The traders in currency markets are Exporters, importers, banks etc. Foreign exchange rate is defined as the value of the foreign currency with respect to the value of the domestic country. A trade in currency market is done in currency pairs like US Dollar-INR contract. The first currency in a currency pair is called a base currency and the second currency is called the terms currency. An exchange rate can be interpreted as the amount of terms currency that a buyer must pay to obtain one unit of base currency. Thus, a USD-INR rate of Rs. 50.083 means that Rs. 50.083 must be paid to get 1 USD. Changes in Foreign exchange prices are very fast. Any price fluctuation is expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency relative to the other i.e. a change of USD-INR rate from Rs. 50 to Rs. 50.083 means that USD has appreciated and the INR has depreciated because now, a buyer of USD will have to pay more INR to b uy 1 USD than before. FACTORS THAT AFFECT EXCHANGE RATES There are many factors that affect exchange rates. Economic policies: The economic policies followed by the government affect the exchange rate. For example, if a country has balance of payment surplus then it will have favourable exchange rate. Rates: Interest rates: if the interest rate of a country rises then investors from other countries would want to invest in that country. So the demand for domestic currency and hence its value will increase. Inflation rate: High inflation rate reduces export and thus the demand of the domestic currency also reduces. Hence, the currency depreciates. Exchange rate policy and Central Bank interventions: The most important factor affecting the exchange rates is the Exchange rate policy of the country. Sometimes Central bank also intervenes to control the demand or supply of domestic currency. Political stability: Stability of government of a country also affects the exchange rate. Speculation: Speculation also affects exchange rate movements. If the currency of a country is speculated as overvalued, people will take out their money from that country resulting in reduced demand for that currency and depreciating its value. ANALYSIS OF INR The value of any currency does not remain stable for a long period of time.There is a number of factors that affect its strengthening/weakening. The factors that have a direct influence on value of a currency are: Stock market of India There is a positive correlation between Indian rupee and stock market index because as the stock market index rises, more investors would like to purchase stocks and thus demand for Indian rupee will increase resulting in appreciation in its value. In the Graph1(appendix), an upward moment of Sensex has resulted in an upward moment in the price of the Rupee (INR) and made it much stronger in the comparison of US Dollar. Global currency trends INR is related to currencies of many other countries especially USD and EURO. The relation between dollar and rupee in Graph 3 is that when the dollar get stronger the rupee is gets weak and when the rupee get stronger the dollar falls.Thus, dollar and rupee are inversely proportionate to each another. In Graph 4,we can see that when euro is at strong position,INR is showing recovery sign against its base currency (dollar). crude oil India is a big importer of crude oil and the value of INR gets highly affected by the increase in the prices of the crude oil.Graph 2 shows prices of crude and rupee from 26th June, 2008 to 26th June 29, 2009. CURRENCY DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS A currency derivative is a contract between the sellers and buyers whose values are calculated from the underlying-the Exchange Rate. The main purpose of Currency derivatives is hedging, although they can also be used for speculation. There are many types of derivative contracts. The 4 main are forward, future, option and swap. FORWARD: A future contract fixes the exchange rate between the two parties. This rate is carried forward to a fixed future date. Thus, both the parties can avoid exposure to risk in case of fluctuations in market. At the time of contract the exchange rate is decided, called as forward exchange rate or forward rate. FUTURE: Future contracts are similar in functionality to forward contract. The differences between future and forward contract are given in the table below. SWAP: Swap is an instrument in which the 2 involved parties agree to privately exchange cash flows in the future according to a prearranged formula. The currency swap means swapping both principal and interest between the parties. The cash flows in both directions are in different currencies. In a swap normally three basic steps are involved: Initial exchange of principal amount Ongoing exchange of interest Re exchange of principal amount on maturity. OPTIONS: Currency option gives the holder a right to buy or sell a given amount of foreign exchange at a fixed price for certain duration. The holder does not have to compulsory buy (call) or sell (put), rather he has an option to do so. A trader in currency market has three choices through the spot market or derivatives market. He may exchange the currency at current by entering into a spot transaction. If he wants to exchange the currency at a future date, he may: Enter into a futures/forward contract, where he agrees to exchange the currency in the future at a price decided now. Buy a currency option contract, wherein he commits for a future exchange of currency, with an agreement that the contract will be valid only if the price is favourable to the participant. PRICING OF FUTURES CONTRACTS Interest rate parity theory states that the currency margin is dependent on the prevailing interest rate for investment in the two currencies. The forward rate can be calculated by the following formula: Rh and Rf are simple interest rate in the home and foreign currency respectively. If we consider continuously compounded interest rate then forward rate can be calculated by using the following formula: STRATEGIES IN CURRENCY MARKET CURRENCY FUTURES FOR HEDGING There are 2 ways in which hedging which can be done by a firm in currency market: Short-Hedge Short position means that a party agrees to sell the base currency and receive the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A short hedge involves taking a short position in the futures market. This is done by a party that already owns the base currency or is expecting a future receipt of the base currency. long-Hedge Long position means that a party agrees to buy the base currency and pay the terms currency at the pre-specified exchange rate in future. A long hedge involves taking a long position in the futures market. This is done by a party that needs base currency in future to make some payment. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR SPECULATION Speculators can also use future contracts if they anticipate that the spot price in the future will be different from the prevailing futures price. If a speculator anticipates an appreciation in base currency, he will hold a long position in the currency contracts to make profit when the exchange rates move up as per his expectation. If he anticipates a depreciation of the base currency, he will hold a short position in the futures contract so that he can make a profit when the exchange rate moves down. CURRENCY FUTURES FOR ARBITRAGE Arbitrage is the strategy in which the trader takes advantage of price differential of the same or similar product between two or more markets. The profit is the difference between the market prices of the products. An arbitrageur has access to both the markets and will identify price differences in the two markets for a product. If in one of the markets the product is cheaper, he will buy the product from that market and sell in the costlier market and thus make risk-less profit. In currency market an arbitrageur can enter into both a forwards and futures contract if he identifies any mispricing between them. If one of them is priced higher, the same shall be sold while simultaneously buying the other which is priced lower. On January 1, 2008, an Indian company enters into a contract to import 1,000 barrels of petroleum with payment to be made in USD on July 1, 2008. The price of each barrel of petroleum has been fixed at USD 100/barrel .The prevailing exchange rate of 1U SD = INR 39.41 .So, the cost of one barrel of petroleum in INR works out to be Rs. 3941.The USD is expected to appreciate and the company decides to do nothing about it. If on July 1, 2008 the exchange rate becomes 1USD=INR 43.23 then the company will have to pay Rs.4323 for one barrel of petroleum. Hedged: Consider that the company had purchased a USD/INR futures contract when the USD was expected to appreciate. This would have protected the company because strengthening of USD would lead to profit in the long futures position, which would counter the loss in the physical market. TESTING HEDGE EFFECTIVENESS A hedge is said to be effective if the derivative contract matches with the risk being hedged i.e. all critical terms of the derivative correspond to the critical terms of the risk. It is very important to select the right hedge effectiveness methodology. If a wrong selection is made it could mislead the firm. Many accounting standards (IAS39, FAS133) exist for hedge accounting but they only specify general guidelines and are very flexible. There are 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness: Critical Term Match Method Dollar-Offset Method Regression Analysis Companies should assess both the past and future hedge effectiveness. This would make sure that loses/gains of a derivative will contribute to earnings at the same time as the loses/gains associated with the hedged item. The Critical Term Match Method According to Critical Term Match Method a hedge is considered perfect if critical parameters in of hedged item and derivative contract match. For example, an interest rate swap is considered a perfect hedge if the parameters like Notional amounts, Terms, Payment and fixing dates, Amortisation schedules, Reference rates, Day conventions in both loan (hedged instrument) and swap (hedge) are identical. The limitation is that these terms do not often match. Thus, other methods must be applied. Dollar-Offset Method It is the easiest way to assess hedge effectiveness .In this method, the change in the value of the derivative is compared to the change in the value of the hedged item. If the ratio takes a value within a range of 80-120 percent the derivative is said to be highly effective. The disadvantage of this method is that it is often difficult to achieve high effectiveness consistently, from period to period. Regression analysis Regression analysis is a statistical technique that shows relationship between two or more variables. A derivative is said to be highly effective if the price (or interest rate or currency exchange rate) associated with the hedged item has a close relationship to the price associated with the hedging derivative. Simple regression explains the relationship between two variables and the correlation coefficient which quantifies the closeness of the relationship. Correlation coefficients may range in value from -1.0 to +1.0. A clear definition of hedging objectives is given i.e. defining the underlying hedged item and then the risk to be hedged. The definition of risk must include: Performance metric: like cash flow Risk class: like interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, etc Amount of the underlying being hedged Desired risk characteristics: Step 2 In this step the hedging instrument and the hedge ratio are defined. The hedge ratio determines how many units of the hedging instrument are used to hedge one unit of the underlying. Ideally, one should select the optimal hedge ratio, corresponding to the maximal reduction in risk. Step 3 The objective is to select the method for evaluating hedge effectiveness. The choice of method comprises 7 dimensions: Reference exposure: Should the hedging instrument be compared to the underlying hedged item or to the Ideal hedge item. Fair value approach: how should changes in fair value be evaluated? Historical data to be used Method of applying historical data Maturity treatment Basis for comparison Type of effectiveness test Step 4 This is the implementation step in which actual evaluation of the effectiveness test is done to perform. Step 5 This is the interpretation step. The effectiveness results are interpreted in the context of the hedging objectives. CONCLUSION In the currency market a trade between two parties in currency pair is done. There can be many reasons for an investor to trade. He might invest to avoid exposure to risk (hedge), to make profits based on his prediction (speculation) or to make risk-less profits (arbitrage).The four instruments available for hedging are forwards, future, option and swap. It is very important for a firm to test the effectiveness of the hedging instrument in order to make the right choice. The 3 main methods to measure hedge effectiveness are Critical Term Match Method, Dollar-Offset Method and Regression Analysis. REFERENCES NCFM Currency derivatives. HEATâ„ ¢: A framework for evaluating hedge effectiveness.

Internet Harassment The Flip Side of Internet Fame

In the article The Flip Side of Internet Fame by Jessica Bennett, Internet harassment is thoroughly made aware to inform active social network users of its solemnity. Real life scenarios of people who suffered from public humiliation or social desecration are presented. Bennett makes her argument conclusive by addressing her audiences pathos and ethos appeal, sourcing credible individuals throughout the article and stressing the agony and ignominy that the listed individuals perceived. Furthermore, the author demonstrates how critical it is to be conscious about the possibility of not recovering from a fatal encounter on a social network and also raises the question: â€Å"Whats to stop a person from posting whatever he wants about you, if he†¦show more content†¦Adding on, a student from Lewis and Clark University was even labeled as a rapist after another individual publicly accused him of sexually assaulting another student. This allegation of the victim led to the destr uction of his stable reputation. Today, in a Google search, anyone can input his name â€Å"and the first entry has the word â€Å"rapist†Ã¢â‚¬ (115). The reader is somewhat forced to posses some scent of solicitude when realizing the embarrassment these individuals ached upon. Bennetts firm desire to inform her audience of such petrifying yet valid truths of public shaming, urges the reader to question whether or not Internet fame is a burden. Along with her informing situations, Bennett overawes her audience by encrypting her article with credible individuals making it obliging to appeal to the readers ethos appeal. Introduced in the article, Jim Cohen is an ethicist from Fordham University School of Law in New York. One logical point he makes is that the â€Å"anonymity of the Net encourages people to say things they normally wouldnt† (114). In other words, when people are sitting behind their computers at home by themselves, they are callous and feel as though they are protected from any wrong-doing they may pursue while online. Cohen acknowledges a site called â€Å"JuicyCampus†(114), which consist of numerous and vicious rumors that are posted anonymously and that anyone who hasShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesSan Jose, CA. The A’s need the new stadium to turn around lagging attendance, which has been at or near the bottom among major league baseball clubs. —BBoA , 2009 COMPANY: NINTENDO Project: Next Generation Nintendo Wii Game Console According to Internet rumors, the new console will be based on entirely new hardware that will pump out HD visuals, contain expanded storage, and run using digitally distributed content rather than physical discs. The new console will expand the capability of Wii’s revolutionary

Biography of Thomas Cole, American Landscape Painter

Thomas Cole was the British-born artist who became known for his paintings of American landscapes. He is considered the founder of the Hudson River School of painting, and his influence on other 19th century American painters was profound. Cole’s paintings, and paintings by those he taught, are known to have influenced attitudes toward American expansionism during the 19th century. The glorification of the land and the panoramic views encouraged optimism toward settling the vast lands of the West. Cole, however, had a pessimistic streak which is sometimes indicated in his paintings. Fast Facts: Thomas Cole Known For: Founder of Hudson River School of painters, admired for his majestic landscapes of distinctly American sceneryMovement: Hudson River School (American romantic landscape painting)Born: Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster, England, 1801Died: February 11, 1848 in Catskill, New YorkParents: Mary and James ColeSpouse: Maria Bartow Early Life and Career Thomas Cole was born in Bolton-le-Moors, Lancaster, England, in 1801. He studied engraving briefly in England before emigrating to America with his family in 1818. The family arrived in Philadelphia and resettled in Steubenville, Ohio, where Coles father established a wallpaper engraving business. After becoming frustrated working in the family business, Cole taught art in a school for a brief period. He also received some painting instruction from a traveling artist, and tried striking out on his own as an itinerant portrait painter. Portrait of Thomas Cole, American painter. Smithsonian Institution / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Cole realized he needed to be in a city with many potential patrons, and returned to Philadelphia, where he painted portraits and also found work decorating ceramics. He took classes at the Philadelphia Academy and, in 1824, had his first exhibition, which was held at the school. In 1825 Cole moved to New York City, where he began to focus on romantic landscapes, the beautifully lit panoramas that would become his enduring style. After taking a trip up the Hudson River, he painted three landscapes, which were displayed in the window of a Manhattan art store. One of the paintings was purchased by artist John Trumbull, who was widely known for his paintings of the American Revolution. Trumbull recommended that two of his artist friends, William Dunlap and Asher B. Durand, purchase the other two. Trumbull appreciated that Cole had been inspired by the wildness of American scenery, which other artists had seemed to ignore. On Trumbulls recommendation, Cole was welcomed into New York Citys cultural world, where he became acquainted with luminaries such as poet and editor William Cullen Bryant and author James Fenimore Cooper. Travels and Inspiration The success of Cole’s early landscapes established him so he could devote himself to painting full-time. He began to travel in the mountains of New York State and New England after purchasing a house in Catskill, New York. Photograph of Catskill Mountain House, a painting by American landscape artist Thomas Cole. Francis G. Mayer  / Getty Images In 1829 Cole sailed to England on a trip financed by a wealthy patron. He made what was known as the Grand Tour, visiting Paris, and then Italy. He stayed for weeks in Florence before going on to Rome, hiking much of the way. He eventually returned to New York City in 1832, having seen major works of art in Europe and having sketched scenery that would be used as material for landscapes. In 1836 Cole married Maria Barton, whose family lived in Catskill. He settled into a fairly comfortable life as a successful artist. The self-made gentry of the region admired his work and purchased his paintings. Major Works A patron commissioned Cole to paint five panels which would be known as The Course of Empires. The series of canvases essentially predicted what would become known as Manifest Destiny. The images depict an allegorical empire, and proceed from Savage State to Arcadian or Pastoral State. The empire reaches its zenith with the third painting, The Consummation of Empire, and then descends to the fourth painting, Destruction. The series ends with the fifth painting, titled Desolation. Thomas Coles The Course of Empire - Consummation, 1836, oil on canvas, 51 Ãâ€" 76 in, New York Historical Society.   Fine Art / Getty Images During the 1830s, as Cole was painting his Course of Empires series, he was harboring gravely pessimistic thoughts about America, lamenting in his journal that he feared the end of democracy. One of his major paintings, dating from 1836, is titled View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm — The Oxbow. In the painting, a pastoral area is shown along with a portion of untamed wilderness. On close examination, the artist himself can be found in the middle foreground, on a promontory, painting the Oxbow, a bend in the river. In his own painting, Cole looks out over the tamed and orderly land, yet he is located in the wild land which is still darkened from the passing storm. He shows himself in communion with untamed American land, perhaps purposely keeping a distance from the land which has been transformed by human society. View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, After a Thunderstorm -- The Oxbow.   Getty Images Legacy Interpretations of Coles work have varied over time. On the surface, his works are generally appreciated for their majestic scenes and striking use of light. Yet there are often darker elements present, and many paintings have dark areas which seem to raise questions about the artists intent. Coles paintings show a profound reverence for nature, which can appear idyllic or wild and violent within the boundaries of the same canvas. While still a very active artist, Cole became ill with pleurisy. He died on February 11, 1848. His influence on other American painters was profound. Sources Thomas Cole. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 151-152. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Hudson River School of Painting. American Eras, vol. 5: The Reform Era and Eastern U. S. Development, 1815-1850, Gale, 1997, pp. 38-40. Gale Virtual Reference Library.The Hudson River School and Western Expansion. American Eras, vol. 6: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860, Gale, 1997, pp. 53-54. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Review Jester Jackpots General Information Essay

Review 8 - Jester Jackpots Review Jester Jackpots General Information Introduced to the public by 888 Group, the name that brought you numerous other popular online gambling sites, Jester Jackpots is one of 2016’s newer casino online offerings. On seeing the big name behind this online casino, players are amped up for big rewards - with good reason of course. Jester Jackpots promises a truly vibrant and fun casino experience with amazing promotions and an incredible game selection, so players definitely won’t be let down with this one. After reading the aforementioned, you can see that the hype surrounding Jester Jackpots is nothing short of huge, but much like other online casino fans we have heard it all before. We could certainly forgive players for taking the press releases surrounding Jester Jackpots with a pinch of salt. Question is, does Jester Jackpots have what it takes to prove the doubters wrong? Can it really go on to become an online brand for the years? Jester Jackpots Lobby and Design On arriving at Jester Jackpots, the attractive design of the site appeals immediately to your visual senses. The colour scheme of the site ties in beautifully with its theme, and an array of fun graphics are at play. Shades of yellow and teal are first noticed in the navigation bar found at the top of your screen. Here, buttons for ‘Login’ and ‘Registration’ are found to the right, with the logo of Jester Jackpots to the far left. The logo combines simplicity and

Migration Of People From Rural Essay - 852 Words

Migration is the movement of individuals from one place to another, which could be internationally and domestically. In this essay I will examine the patterns formed through internal migration of people from rural to urban places, which is considered to be the most significant form of migration. Migration of people is considered to be a choice or force of movement. This movement has many consequences at a level of the individual and the country as a while itself. (National Geographic Xpeditions, 2005) Populations in cities continue to grow through the migration of people from diverse locations. It has become more evident that urban places are more desirable compared to rural places as they are more accessible and provide features, which are preferred by most. A rural area is considered to be a geographic region where landscapes are considered to be open and population density is very low. An urban area is a geographic region where the location of everything is concentrated, population density is substantial and accessibility is maximised. (Morrison, 2015) Individual consequences. Originally the main cause, which led to urbanization and inter migration to cities, was the industrial revolution. People who live in rural areas often lack resources and are often pulled towards an urban place. Today this is mostly encouraged through social media, where people are believed they can live a richer life. There are many consequences that have impacted individuals socially,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Rural-Urban Migration in South Africa Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pageseffect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa using Manova technique. INTRODUCTION This proposal is about the effect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa. 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Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne Free Essays

The poem â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† by John Donne is a prayer to God from the poet. Donne is a struggling sinner, and the poem is his desperate cry for help. He wants God to be in his life, no matter how difficult and painful it is, and desires to be everything God wants him to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poem gives a sense of Donne’s complex relationship with God. It is apparent that he is in the midst of a struggle with good and evil, and begins with a plea to God to enter his heart by any means necessary and rid him of the evil that has taken over. Donne uses graphic and violent imagery throughout the poem as a way of showing his utter desperation. This imagery is used in an exaggerated way to convey Donne’s strong desire for God, as well as implying that there is something else that is hindering his ability to allow God in himself. In using the metaphor â€Å"batter my heart† in the first line, Donne is implying that he wants God to use his power like a battering ram to enter his heart. This gives a strong indication that there is some unknown force – be it sin, evil, or the devil – preventing Donne himself from allowing God to enter. He refers to God as the â€Å"three-personed God,† alluding to the Bible’s teaching of God as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Donne’s complaint is that God is not being aggressive enough in how he is dealing with him; the Father knocks, the Holy Spirit breathes, and the Son shines his light upon him, but Donne wants him to use his power more aggressively to â€Å"mend† him, help him become â€Å"new,† and force the evils out of him. The progression to violent imagery shows Donne’s desperation; he no longer wants God â€Å"knock,† but is asking him to â€Å"break† the door down, not simply â€Å"breathe† but to â€Å"blow,† and not â€Å"shine,† but to â€Å"burn. The use of alliteration with the words â€Å"break,† â€Å"breathe† and â€Å"blow† help in drawing attention to their severity, and emphasizing the extent of Donne’s desperation. He believes that in using these destructive actions, God will free him from his weaknesses and make him new again. In the second quatrain, it becomes clear that the first four lines are meant to be taken metaphorically, rather than literally. Donne likens his heart to a city that has been overtaken, and he wants God to be aggressive in taking it back. This expands upon the indication of the unknown force; Donne’s heart is the city that has been taken captive, and God is the savior that he wants to break down the gate and take it back by force. It becomes obvious in this quatrain that the previously unknown force holding Donne back is his sense reason and rationality. He shows that even his mind has failed him in his attempts to be close with God. Donne’s reason is what should be fighting for him in his battle and defending him, but instead is captured, shows weakness, and even lies to him. He suggests that although he believes God is the rightful ruler of his heart, his rationality has been impaired such that he cannot defend Him and let Him in. The sestet begins with further reinforcement of the notion that Donne wants God back in his life, no matter how difficult it may be. He begins by stating that even though his spiritual life is currently in a state of struggle, he still has a deep affection of God and wants to love and be loved by Him. His state of desperation is the result of this struggle. Donne quickly returns to the shocking imagery that has been prevalent throughout, claiming he is â€Å"betrothed† to the enemy. This claim of engagement to the devil is a paradox; he is not actually going to marry the devil, but at the time feels unwillingly more connected to God’s enemies and their ways than to God and God’s ways. He asks God to â€Å"divorce† him, to â€Å"untie or break† the engagement he has with the devil. At the end of the prayer, Donne uses two more paradoxes to explain how deep of a connection he wants to feel with God. He begs for God to imprison him to set him free and his feels as though God’s prison is the only way in which he can be truly free of his weaknesses, and pure of evils. He also begs to be ravished and filled with delight so that he may become pure, which carries some sexual imagery. As with the metaphor in the first quatrain, this is not a literal request; he simply wants to be convinced of the power of God, so that he can have a close and loving relationship with Him. These contradictions show a deeply emotional affection towards God, and when taken figuratively are very effective in conveying his message of desperation. Although â€Å"Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God† is filled with graphic and violent imagery, John Donne is not attempting to be crude or inappropriate. Donne is simply explaining his own tremulous relation with God, and uses the violent imagery as a means to show how desperate he has become in his mission to bring God back into his life. If he allows God to do whatever it takes, even if it means pain and the loss of his very freedom, he knows God can bring him into a close, loving relationship with Him and make him into the person he thinks God wants him to be. So he can pray, â€Å"Batter my heart,† â€Å"break, blow, burn,† â€Å"imprison me,† â€Å"enthrall† and â€Å"ravish† me, for he believes his God is a loving, pure, kind, and just â€Å"three-person’d God† and he trusts Him with his very heart, soul, and life. How to cite Batter My Heart, Three-person’d God by John Donne, Essay examples